Findings from studies of on- and off-premises outlets
combined. The 28 cross-sectional studies19,55–57,63–86
that assessed the association of outlet density (onpremise
and off-premise, not distinguished) assessed
47 alcohol-related outcomes. Of these outcomes, 41
(87.2%) found a positive association, that is, as density
increased, so did consumption and alcohol-related
harms, and vice versa (Table 1, A). Positive associations
were found for consumption-related outcomes (e.g.,
per capita alcohol consumption); violence and injury
outcomes; and several medical conditions (e.g., liver
disease). The mean elasticities ranged from 0.045 for
crime to 0.421 for motor-vehicle crashes.