Family influence on sexual activity differed by gender. Experiencing family violence, substance abuse, or mental health problems was associated with earlier sexual debut, having multiple sexual partners, and reduced likelihood of using condoms among males but not females [40]. However, experiencing family violence, mental health problems, or substance abuse was not associated with pregnancy risk [40].
Other factors on the family level influencing sexual engagement were parental values and the perception that relatives were engaging in the behavior [30,42]. Adolescents from lower socioeconomic households were less likely to use condoms during sexual intercourse [32].