Fruits are currently transported by sea at 13 ◦C
with a voyage time of up to 16 days (G. De Martino, Dole Italy,
pers. comm.). Allowing for a three-day delay between harvest and
loading the vessel, the total green life required to reach Europe
is 19 days. The average summer (July) shipping temperature from
Costa Rica to Italy is 24 ◦C and the equation estimates that fruit
could be shipped if ethylene was maintained at 0.002 L/L (CL,
0.00005–0.063). In winter, the average shipping temperature during January is 17 ◦C (World Climate, 2013).