The reduced free sulfhydryl groups allow fluorescent dyes with thiol-reactive
groups (e.g., maleimide and iodoacetyl derivatives)to bind so that
numerous fluorophores could be functionalized to the interior of
the dBSA.The degree of fluorescence on BSA were estimated by
considering several factors (see S-2 in Supporting information).
Even though antibodies that are directly labeled with aminereactive fluorophores can be used for the detection of bacteria as a probe,the number of fluorophores per antibody molecule is
nearly in the range between 3 and 9(Ogawaetal.,2009;Viraetal.,
2010), whichlimitsthelevelofdetection.