can also occur in the presence of a solvent such as water (hydrothermolysis)
or alcohol (solvothermolysis). Compared to pyrolysis, the
hydro- and solvothermolysis processes have several advantages.
First, a drying process before the reaction is not required. Most
biomass contains considerable amounts of water, which is known
to reduce the yield of BCO from pyrolysis (Westerhof et al., 2007).
However, water is the solvent used in hydrothermolysis; moreover,
a yield comparable to that of BCO can be obtained. In addition,
the hydro/solvothermolysis process is more efficient for the elimination
of oxygen from BCO as compared to pyrolysis. Although
the molar ratio of oxygen to carbon (O/C) is usually around 0.5 in
BCO obtained from pyrolysis (Bridgwater, 2012), the molar ratio of
O/C in BCO obtained from liquefaction is reportedly 0.1–0.3 (Balat,
2008; Kleinert and Barth, 2008). This makes the heating value of
BCO from hydro/solvothermolysis higher than that from pyrolysis
can also occur in the presence of a solvent such as water (hydrothermolysis)or alcohol (solvothermolysis). Compared to pyrolysis, thehydro- and solvothermolysis processes have several advantages.First, a drying process before the reaction is not required. Mostbiomass contains considerable amounts of water, which is knownto reduce the yield of BCO from pyrolysis (Westerhof et al., 2007).However, water is the solvent used in hydrothermolysis; moreover,a yield comparable to that of BCO can be obtained. In addition,the hydro/solvothermolysis process is more efficient for the eliminationof oxygen from BCO as compared to pyrolysis. Althoughthe molar ratio of oxygen to carbon (O/C) is usually around 0.5 inBCO obtained from pyrolysis (Bridgwater, 2012), the molar ratio ofO/C in BCO obtained from liquefaction is reportedly 0.1–0.3 (Balat,2008; Kleinert and Barth, 2008). This makes the heating value ofBCO from hydro/solvothermolysis higher than that from pyrolysis
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