Conclusions
The findings of the present study regarding the cognitive pre-task planning process of LP and IP learners not only support Sangarun's (2001) findings in explaining the cognitive pre-task planning process for L2 speech productions but also shed light on how L2 learns with low and intermediate proficiency should perform their cognitive pre-task planning. However, it should also be noted that the small sample size, the short experimental time, and the selection of only low and intermediate L2 learners in this study may constrain the extent to which its findings can be generalized.