.Material challenges: These basically come from the inability of the dielectric and wiring materials to provide reliable insulation and conduction, respectively with continued scaling.
.Power-thermal challenges: these are because of the ever increasing number of transistors integrated per unit-area, which demands larger power consumption and higher thermal dissipation.
.Technological challenges: these are the results from the incompetency lithography-based techniques to provide the resolution below the wavelength of the light to manufacture to CMOS devices.
.Economical challenges: these are mainly due to the rising in cost of production, fab, and testing that may reach a point where it will be not affordable from economic point of view.
In this paper, each of the above challenges will be analyzed. ALTERNATIVE non-CMOS nanodevices that are possible to solve the CMOS limitation will be also presented.