Although we suggest helping will occur less frequently when compliance HR systems are enacted than when collaboration or commitment systems are enacted, we nonetheless expect some helping to occur in all three archetypal systems. This assumes, however, sufficient coherence among the policies and practices operationalizing the particular HR system. Applying HR system elements so they effectively complement each other facilitates common understanding across employees (Werbel & DeMarie, 2005). Alternatively, managers likely will find that systems comprising diverging elements fail to produce strong, consistently interpreted climates because they communicate to employees conflicting messages regarding expected behaviors (Bowen & Ostroff, 2004). For example, if most employees are selected for their technical competence and participate in skills and abilities training, but subsequently are rewarded for how well their work groups accomplish organizational goals, confusion about the types of relationships to form with others (i.e., market pricing vs. communal sharing) will probably exist. Under such conditions, ambiguity would be manifested regarding appropriate helping behavior. If uncertainties militate against the formation of a strong relational climate, helping could still occur, but personality (e.g., conscientiousness, agreeableness) or other person variables might have a stronger influence. This possibility is consistent with the notion of individual differences exerting greater impact in weak situations (Davis-Blake & Pfeffer, 1989).