Imaging has long shown that under some high-pressure conditions, the presence of discrete two-phase
flow processes becomes diminished. Instead, liquid injection processes transition from classical sprays to
dense-fluid jets with no drops present. When and how this transition occurs, however, was not well understood
until recently. In this paper, we summarized a new theoretical description that quantifies the effects of
real fluid thermodynamics on liquid fuel injection processes as a function of pressure at typical Diesel
engine operating conditions. We then apply the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) technique coupled with
real-fluid thermodynamics and transport to analyze the flow at conditions when cylinder pressures exceed
the thermodynamic critical pressure of the injected fuel. To facilitate the analysis, we use the experimental
data posted as part of the Engine Combustion Network (see www.sandia.gov/ECN); namely the “Spray-
A” case. Calculations are performed by rigorously treating the experimental operating conditions. Numerical
results are in good agreement with available experimental measurements. The high-fidelity simulation
is then used to analyze the details of transient mixing and understand the processes leading to auto-ignition.
The analysis reveals the profound effect of supercritical fluid phenomena on the instantaneous threedimensional
mixing processes. The large density ratio between the supercritical fuel and the ambient gas
leads to significant penetration of the jet with enhanced turbulent mixing at the tip and strong entrainment
effects. Using detailed chemistry, a map of the auto-ignition delay time was calculated in simulation results.
This map shows that a large flammable region with low velocity and mixture gradients is generated 250
diameters downstream of the injector. In the experiment, the first ignition site is observed at this location.
This correspondence seems to indicate that the ignition location is piloted by the efficient mixing operating
at the extremity of the jet coupled with long residence times, low strain rates and low scalar gradients.
Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Combustion Institute
Imaging has long shown that under some high-pressure conditions, the presence of discrete two-phase
flow processes becomes diminished. Instead, liquid injection processes transition from classical sprays to
dense-fluid jets with no drops present. When and how this transition occurs, however, was not well understood
until recently. In this paper, we summarized a new theoretical description that quantifies the effects of
real fluid thermodynamics on liquid fuel injection processes as a function of pressure at typical Diesel
engine operating conditions. We then apply the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) technique coupled with
real-fluid thermodynamics and transport to analyze the flow at conditions when cylinder pressures exceed
the thermodynamic critical pressure of the injected fuel. To facilitate the analysis, we use the experimental
data posted as part of the Engine Combustion Network (see www.sandia.gov/ECN); namely the “Spray-
A” case. Calculations are performed by rigorously treating the experimental operating conditions. Numerical
results are in good agreement with available experimental measurements. The high-fidelity simulation
is then used to analyze the details of transient mixing and understand the processes leading to auto-ignition.
The analysis reveals the profound effect of supercritical fluid phenomena on the instantaneous threedimensional
mixing processes. The large density ratio between the supercritical fuel and the ambient gas
leads to significant penetration of the jet with enhanced turbulent mixing at the tip and strong entrainment
effects. Using detailed chemistry, a map of the auto-ignition delay time was calculated in simulation results.
This map shows that a large flammable region with low velocity and mixture gradients is generated 250
diameters downstream of the injector. In the experiment, the first ignition site is observed at this location.
This correspondence seems to indicate that the ignition location is piloted by the efficient mixing operating
at the extremity of the jet coupled with long residence times, low strain rates and low scalar gradients.
Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Combustion Institute
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