Theseaweedwascultivatedinchannelslocatedatthe fishpond outflow in a fish-seaweed integrated system. Water flowed continuously through the seaweed and then to the sea in a water flow-through model. Rectangular (1 m×2 m) cages (units) made of fishnet material (1.5 mm) were constructed and used for this study. Six such units (three units in two replicates) were placed in a series at the fishpond outflow channels, at positions marked A and B in Fig. 2b. Two control units, also placed in series, were positioned at the reservoir to fishponds channel (fishpond inflow channel, C in Fig. 2b). The seaweed was stocked at a stocking density of 1 kg m−2 as was recommended by Neori et al. (1991). Water flowed continuously through the biofilters, at an average velocity of 1.12 cm s−1. From this velocity, water flow was calculated as the product of the velocity andthecross section area theflow is crossing throughas follows: