We test the impact of increasing institutional ownership on firms' performance by
considering the interaction between the size of institutional investment and risk-management
for a given level of firm-specific risk. When institutional investors own a large proportion of
the firm's shares and the firm has a comprehensive risk-management policy, we expect a
positive association between risk and performance. With high ownership concentration,
institutional investors have the incentive and ability to pressure management to monitor riskand performance more closely. The instrumental variables are prior-year performance,
market capitalization, industry, and year. The model for testing H3 is: