The main components used to engineer functional kidney
constructs are living cells, scaffolding system based on biomaterials,
bioactive factors, and appropriate microenvironments thatfacilitate cellular behaviors. A well-orchestrated combination of
these components is of critical significance in creating engineered
tissues or organs for the development of functional substitutes
[10]. Engineering of kidney tissue constructs may involve scaffolding
systems and/or bioactive factors alone, wherein the body’s natural
healing ability to regenerate is utilized to guide or direct new
tissue growth. When cells are utilized, donor tissue is dissociated
into individual single cells that are either, implanted directly into
the host or expanded in culture or attached to a scaffolding system
and re-implanted after expansion