Philosophers have increasingly turned against positivism. They argue the intentional nature of action requires an interpretive social science, aiming for historical understanding (verstehen). This defense of interpretation appears in the hermeneutic tradition, starting with the work of Wilhelm Dilthey (1976) at the turn of the twentieth century, and extending more recently to philosophers such as Hans-Georg Gadamer(2002) and Paul Ricoeur(1976). A similar defense of interpretation also now dominates Anglophone philosophy, following the leads provided by Ludwig Wittgenstein (2001), Alasdair MacIntyre(1969), and Charles Taylor (1971).