While greywater reuse is not a new concept, some traditional
or conventional practices, especially those at domestic
level, are not controlled and in some cases involve little or no
treatment (e.g., manual diversion of untreated laundry greywater
for toilet flushing). Xenobiotic organic compounds
originating from pharmaceuticals and personal care products
and other household products are a major concern (Ledakowicz,
1998; Ying et al., 2004). The enormous and increasing
variety of these compounds in these products impedes the full
investigation of their toxicity, biodegradability and bioaccumulation
properties. Other researchers such as Eriksson
et al. (2003) have also commented on this limitation, and the
endocrine disruptive property of some of these chemicals has
been highlighted (Ying et al., 2004). Christova-Boal et al. (1996and Eriksson et al. (2002) reviewed other concerns regarding
the reuse of greywater which include risk to public health,
clogging of distribution system by suspended solids, production
of offensive odour, and pollution of soil, surface water
and groundwater. Therefore, robust treatment of greywater is
required to ensure the safety of its reuse, especially for those
applications with the potential for human exposure and
contamination of the environment.
While greywater reuse is not a new concept, some traditional
or conventional practices, especially those at domestic
level, are not controlled and in some cases involve little or no
treatment (e.g., manual diversion of untreated laundry greywater
for toilet flushing). Xenobiotic organic compounds
originating from pharmaceuticals and personal care products
and other household products are a major concern (Ledakowicz,
1998; Ying et al., 2004). The enormous and increasing
variety of these compounds in these products impedes the full
investigation of their toxicity, biodegradability and bioaccumulation
properties. Other researchers such as Eriksson
et al. (2003) have also commented on this limitation, and the
endocrine disruptive property of some of these chemicals has
been highlighted (Ying et al., 2004). Christova-Boal et al. (1996and Eriksson et al. (2002) reviewed other concerns regarding
the reuse of greywater which include risk to public health,
clogging of distribution system by suspended solids, production
of offensive odour, and pollution of soil, surface water
and groundwater. Therefore, robust treatment of greywater is
required to ensure the safety of its reuse, especially for those
applications with the potential for human exposure and
contamination of the environment.
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