From their research in 1995, Bailey et al. suggested a threshold
for symptoms of 6.5–8 km/h (4–5 mph) in a rear impact.
In 1996 Murray Kornhauser built upon the 8 km/h threshold
suggested by McConnell and Szabo and proposed a threshold of
16 km/h (10 mph) as an order of magnitude of the delta-V threshold
for the 50th percentile male.