When U-Cd was expressed in micrograms per gram of creatinine, these variations
were amplified (minimum, 0.15 µg/g creatinine; maximum, 0.70 µg/g creatinine) and much higher
U-Cd values were observed in women. We observed no difference in U-Cd levels between neversmokers
and former smokers, and the difference with current smokers did not increase over time.
Lifetime curves of U-Cd were higher with increasing urinary retinol-binding protein or albumin, a
consequence of the coexcretion of Cd with proteins.