One alternative project arrangement is the construction management model where the CM replaces the GC and upper-tier subcontractors function as prime contractors. The range of operational duties that CMs may assume varies more widely than the range of duties that GCs assume. Generalizations are difficult beyond the facts that CMs rarely self-perform any work and always act as sophisticated owners’ representatives to manage the work performed by multiple prime contractors. There are CMs who look out more for the owners’ interests and get involved earlier in the project planning and design process than do typical GCs. There are also CMs who are just sophisticated owners’ representatives during construction. In general, however, when compared to GCs, CMs can be expected to have