As different societies presumably have different cultures, researchers explored the notion whether organizations within these different cultures also exhibit different structure, practices and management styles. Writings from this period mainly focused on; the applicability of American Management practices to other culture; analyses of managerial and organizational practices within specific cultures; and comparisons of managerial and organizational practices across different cultures (see, for example, Hofstede, 1980; Ouchi, 1981; Pascale and Athos, 1981).