participants said they could read Spanish well or very well, suggesting that a large share of the CAWHS PE participants can be described as low literacy or non-literate.
Most of the men had been in the U.S. for more than a dozen years; among women, most had immigrated less than a decade before the interview. Men had typically been working as farm laborers in the U.S. for a longer period than the women: median values were 13 years versus 7 years, respectively. Approximately 14% of the sample were relatively recent immigrants, having been in the U.S. for four or fewer years.
With respect to health insurance, 73% of males and 69% of females lacked any form of coverage. When asked about medical or clinic visits, 25% of the men and 13% of the women said they had never had a medical or clinic visit.
Baseline Health Status: Chronic Health Conditions
A summary of the CAWHS PE findings regarding baseline, or chronic, health status is indicated in Table II. Overweight (body mass index (BMI) > 25.0) prevalence among the men was 79% and was nearly as high among women, 74%. Among males, the prevalence of obesity (BMI > 30) was 29% and, among females, it was 38%. The difference in obesity prevalence between men and
women was statistically significant (P < 0.05, chi-squared test).
There were substantial differences between male and female participants with respect to prevalence of high serum cholesterol and high blood pressure. The prevalence among males for elevated cholesterol (>240 mg/dl) and elevated blood pressure (>140/90) were 17% and 27%, respectively, whereas the prevalence among women for these conditions was only 4% and 4%, respectively. The difference in prevalence for both of these conditions between men and women was statistically significant (P < 0.05, chi-squared test).
Three percent of females and 5% of male participants presented evidence of ‘‘higher diabetes risk,’’ indicated by non-fasting blood serum glucose levels 200 mg/dl. Addi- tionally, more than 10% of females and about 5% of males presented evidence of anemia, as measured by both low blood serum hemoglobin (<13.5 mg/dl, M; <12.0 mg/dl, F) and low hematocrit (<40%, M; <36%, F).
Associations were found between obesity and other adverse chronic health outcomes among male workers. Obese male participants were over 1.5 times more likely to present high blood pressure as compared with non-obese workers (OR ¼ 1.68, 95% CI 1.06 – 2.68). Obese male participants were three times more likely than non-obese males to present higher diabetes risk (non-fasting blood glucose 200 mg/dl) (OR ¼ 3.09; 95% CI 1.19 – 8.04) and
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