What are the minimal requirements for action research? It can be
argued that three conditions are individually necessary and jointly
sufficient for action research to be said to exist: firstly, a project takes
as its subject-matter a social practice, regarding it as a form of strategic
action susceptible of improvement; secondly, the project proceeds
through a spiral of cycles of planning, acting, observing and reflecting,
with each of these activities being systematically and self-critically
implemented and interrelated; thirdly, the project involves those
responsible for the practice in each of the moments of the activity,