68. When the acid has been added to the amide, the mixture is swirled. Theyusually mix together well. If they dont, stronger acid is used. Addingsome full strength acid to the mix should do the job. Then a few boilingchips are added to the flask, a condenser attached to the flask, and heatapplied to boil the mixture at reflux. The reflux boiling is continued for 10 hours. During this time themixture will turn black. At the end of the boiling period, the mixture isallowed to cool down. When it is cool, 200 ml of benzene or toluene isadded to the flask. The mixture is shaken well for a couple of minutes,then allowed to sit. The benzene floats up to the top, and has dissolved init most of the unreacted amide, and other unwanted garbage. The benzene layer is then poured off into a sep funnel, and any waterlayer carried along drained back into the flask. The benzene layer ispoured off into another container for future processing. It may bedifficult to tell exactly where the benzene layer ends and the water startsbecause of their similar color. A sharp eye and good lighting help to spotthe interface of the two fluids. The acid solution of the amphetamine is now made alkaline to liberatethe free base for distilling. To do this, Iye is added to the acid solutionin the 2000 ml flask. Assuming the use of about 1200 ml of 15% hydrochloricacid solution, one 12 oz. can of lye does the job. The mixture is firstswirled to release heat, then shaken vigorously for five minutes. I cannotemphasize enough the importance of vigorous and prolonged shaking herebecause the amphetamine base initially formed tends to dissolveunneutralized amphetamine hydrochloride. The oily droplets protect thehydrochloride from contact with the lye solution unless the shaking isstrong and prolonged. When the shaking is completed, the mixture is allowed to cool down.Then 300 ml of benzene or toluene is added to the flask, and shakingcontinued for a minute or two. After sitting for a couple of minutes, abenzene-amphetamine layer floats above the water layer. This is poured offinto a sep funnel, and the benzene-amphetamine layer poured into a 1000 mlround bottom flask. The amphetamine-benzene mixture is distilled in exactly the same manneras described in Chapter 5. The boiling point of benzedrine is 10ø to 20øClower than meth. The yield of benzedrine is in the range of 100 to 150 ml. The benzedrine produced by this reaction is either used and removed asis, or it is converted to methamphetamine. A very good and simple processfor doing this can be found in the Journal of the American ChemicalSociety, Volume 62, pages 922-4. The author is Woodruff. The yield for thisprocess is over 90%, so a greater volume of methamphetamine comes out ofthe reaction than the benzedrine input. This is because the gain inmolecular weight achieved by adding the methyl group outweighs the smallshortfall from 100% yield. For those who have difficulty reading the Woodruff article, meth isdescribed as B-phenylisopropylmethylamine. The amine is benzedrine. If the benzedrine product is used as is, the producer makes it as thehydrochloride salt. This is made the same way as methamphetaminehydrochloride. An alternative to the hydrochloride salt is the sulfate
69. salt. This more hasslesome procedure calls for the use of cooled solutionsof amphetamine base in alcohol and cooled solutions of sulfuric acid inalcohol. Furthermore, a recrystallization from alcohol-ether is requiredbecause trapped excess sulfuric acid in the crystals causes them to turn tomush or worse. By using HCl gas, the excess acid floats off as gas. An excellent review of this reaction can be found in Organic Reactions,Volume 17. Nearly double these yields can be obtained if the undergroundchemist is willing to risk using hydrogen cyanide instead of acetonitrile.The hydrogen cyanide is made inside the reaction flask from sodium cyanideand sulfuric acid. For complete directions, see Organic Syntheses,Collective Volume 5, page 471 to 473. The name of the compound is alpha,alpha, Dimethyl beta phenethylamine. A good alternative to the Ritter reaction is a two step procedure firstreacting safrole with hydrobromic acid to give 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-bromopropane, and then taking this material and reacting it with eitherammonia or methylamine to yield MDA or MDMA respectively. This procedurehas the advantages of not being at all sensitive to batch size, nor is itlikely to "run away" and produce a tarry mess. It shares with the Ritterreaction the advantage of using cheap, simple, and easily availablechemicals. The sole disadvantage of this method is the need to do the finalreaction with ammonia or methylamine inside a sealed pipe. This is becausethe reaction must be done in the temperature range of 120-140ø C, and theonly way to reach this temperature is to seal the reactants up inside of abomb. This is not particularly dangerous, and is quite safe if some simpleprecautions are taken. The first stage of the conversion, the reaction with hydrobromic acid,is quite simple, and produces almost a 100% yield of the brominatedproduct. See the Journal of Biological Chemistry, Volume 108 page 619. Theauthor is H.E. Carter. Also see Chemical Abstracts 1961, column 14350. Thefollowing reaction takes place: To do the reaction, 200 ml of glacial acetic acid is poured into achampagne bottle nestled in ice. Once the acetic acid has cooled down, 300grams (200 ml) of 48% hydrobromic acid is slowly added with swirling. Oncethis mixture has cooled down, 100 grams of safrole is slowly added withswirling. Once the safrole is added, the cheap plastic stopper of thechampagne bottle is wired back into place, and the mixture is slowlyallowed to come to room temperature with occasional shaking. After about 12hours the original two layers will merge into a clear red solution. In 24hours, the reaction is done. The chemist carefully removes the stopper fromthe bottle, wearing eye protection. Some acid mist may escape from aroundthe stopper. The reaction mixture is now poured onto about 500 grams of crushed icein a 1000 or 2000 ml beaker. Once the ice has melted, the red layer ofproduct is separated, and the water is extracted with about 100 ml ofpetroleum ether or regular ethyl ether. The ether extract is added to theproduct, and the combined product is washed first with water, and then witha solution of sodium carbonate in water. The purpose of these washings isto remove HBr from the product. One can be sure that all the acid isremoved from the product when some fresh carbonate solution does not fizzin contact with the product.
70. Once all the acid in the product is removed, the ether must be removedfrom it. This is important because if the ether were allowed to remain init, too much pressure would be generated in the next stage inside of thebomb. Also, it would interfere with the formation of a solution between theproduct and methylamine or ammonia. It is not necessary to distill theproduct because with a yield of over 90%, the crude product is pure enoughto feed into the next stage. To remove the ether from the product, thecrude product is poured into a flask, and a vacuum is applied to it. Thiscauses the ether to boil off. Some gentle heating with hot water is quitehelpful to this process. The yield of crude product is in the neighborhoodof 200 grams. With the bromo compound in hand, it is time to move onto the next stepwhich gives MDA or MDMA. See Chemical Abstracts 1961, column 14350. Alsosee Journal of the American Chemical Society, Volume 68, page 1805 andJournal of the Chemistry Society, part 2 1938, page 2005. The bromocompound reacts with ammonia or methylamine to give MDA or MDMA: To do the reaction, 50 grams of the bromo compound is poured into abeaker, and 200 ml of concentrated ammonium hydroxide (28% NH3) or 40%methylamine is added. Next, isopropyl alcohol is added with stirring untila nice smooth solution is formed. It is not good to add too much alcoholbecause a more dilute solution reacts slower. Now the mixture is pouredinto a pipe "bomb." This pipe should be made of stainless steel, and havefine threads on both ends. Stainless steel is preferred because the HBrgiven off in the reaction will rust regular steel. Both ends of the pipeare securely tightened down. The bottom may even be welded into place. Thenthe pipe is placed into cooking oil heated to around 130øC. Thistemperature is maintained for about 3 hours or so, then it is allowed tocool. Once the pipe is merely warm, it is cooled down some more in ice, andthe cap unscrewed. The reaction mixture is poured into a distilling flask, the glasswarerigged for simple distillation, and the isopropyl alcohol and excessammonia or methylamine is distilled off. When this is done, the residueinside the flask is made acid with hydrochloric acid. If indicating pHpaper is available, a pH of about 3 should be aimed for. This converts theMDA to the hydrochloride which is water soluble. Good strong shaking of themixture ensures that this conversion is complete. The first stage of thepurification is to recover unreacted bromo compound. To do this, 200 to 300ml of ether is added. After some shaking, the ether layer is separated. Itcontains close to 20 grams of bromo compound which may be used again inlater batches. Now the acid solution containing the MDA is made strongly basic withlye solution. The mixture is shaken for a few minutes to ensure that theMDA is converted to the free base. Upon sitting for a few minutes, the MDAfloats on top of the water as a dark colored oily layer. This layer isseparated and placed into a distilling flask. Next, the water layer isextracted with some toluene to get out the remaining MDA free base. Thetoluene is combined with the free base layer, and the toluene is distilledoff. Then a vacuum is applied, and the mixture is fractionally distilled. Agood aspirator with cold water will bring the MDA off at a temperature of150g to 160ø C. The free base should be c
68. เมื่อมีเพิ่มกรด amide ผสมเป็น swirled Theyusually ลาบกัน ถ้าพวกเขาไม่ มีใช้กรดที่แข็งแกร่ง กรดเต็มแรง Addingsome ส่วนรวมควรทำงาน แล้ว boilingchips กี่บวกกับหนาว เครื่องควบแน่นแบบแนบกับหนาว และ heatapplied ต้มส่วนผสมที่กรดไหลย้อน กรดไหลย้อนเดือดต่อ 10 ชั่วโมง ในช่วงเวลานี้ themixture จะเปิดสีดำ ที่สุดของการต้มระยะเวลา isallowed ส่วนผสมให้เย็นลง เมื่อได้เย็น 200 ml ของเบนซีนหรือโทลูอีน isadded ไปหนาว ส่วนผสมจะเขย่าดีสำหรับไม่กี่นาที นั้นสามารถนั่ง เบนซีนลอยขึ้นด้านบน และมีส่วนยุบเริ่มขยะไม่พึงประสงค์ส่วนใหญ่ของ unreacted amide และอื่น ๆ แล้วมี poured ปิดชั้นเบนซีนลงในกรวย sep และ waterlayer ใด ๆ ดำเนินไประบายออกกลับเข้าไปในหนาวนี้ ในเบนซีนชั้น ispoured ปิดลงในภาชนะอื่นสำหรับการประมวลผลในอนาคต มันอาจ bedifficult จะบอกว่า ที่ชั้นเบนซีนจบและ startsbecause น้ำสีของพวกเขาคล้าย ตาคมชัดและแสงดีช่วยติดต่อ spotthe ของของเหลวทั้งสอง โซลูชั่นกรดของแอมเฟตามีนมีตอนนี้ได้ด่าง liberatethe ฐานฟรีสำหรับ distilling การทำเช่นนี้ Iye เพิ่ม solutionin กรดหนาว 2000 ml สมมติว่าใช้ประมาณ 1200 ml ของ hydrochloricacid 15% ได้ 12 ออนซ์ของไอ้ด่างไม่ทำงาน ส่วนผสมคือ firstswirled จะปล่อยความร้อน เขย่าแล้ว โยคะสำหรับห้านาที ผม cannotemphasize พอสำคัญของคึกคัก และนานงก ๆ herebecause แอมเฟตามีนฐานเกิดขึ้นครั้งแรกมีแนวโน้มที่ dissolveunneutralized แอมเฟตามีนไฮโดรคลอไรด์ มันหยดป้องกัน thehydrochloride ติดต่อกับโซลูชันไอ้ด่างยกเว้น isstrong งก ๆ และเป็นเวลานาน เมื่อเสร็จการสั่น ส่วนผสมจะได้เย็น ๆของเบนซีนโทลูอีน 300 มล.เพิ่มหนาว และ shakingcontinued นาทีหรือสอง หลังจากนั่งไม่กี่นาที แอมเฟตามีน abenzene ชั้นลอยอยู่เหนือชั้นน้ำ พร้อมสระ offinto กรวย sep และชั้นแอมเฟตามีนเบนซีน poured ถามเป็น 1000 mlround ล่างหนาวอยู่ ผสมแอมเฟตามีนเบนซีนจะกลั่นในว่า manneras เหมือนกับที่อธิบายไว้ในบทที่ 5 จุดเดือดของ benzedrine เป็น 10ø กับ 20øClower มากกว่าจาก ผลตอบแทนของ benzedrine อยู่ในช่วง 100-150 มล. Benzedrine ผลิต โดยปฏิกิริยานี้จะใช้อย่างใดอย่างหนึ่ง และเอาเอเซีย หรือจะถูกแปลงเป็นยาบ้า Processfor ง่าย และดีมากที่ทำเช่นนี้สามารถพบได้ในรายของ ChemicalSociety อเมริกัน เล่ม 62 หน้า 922-4 ผู้เขียนคือ Woodruff ผลตอบแทนสำหรับ thisprocess ได้กว่า 90% เพื่อปริมาณมากกว่าของยาบ้ามาจากปฏิกิริยากว่าอินพุต benzedrine ทั้งนี้เนื่องจากน้ำหนัก inmolecular กำไรทำได้ โดยการเพิ่มกลุ่ม methyl ก่อน smallshortfall จากผลตอบแทน 100% สำหรับผู้ที่มีปัญหาในการอ่านบทความของ Woodruff จาก isdescribed เป็น B phenylisopropylmethylamine Amine มี benzedrine ถ้าใช้ผลิตภัณฑ์ benzedrine เป็น โปรดิวเซอร์ที่ทำให้เป็น thehydrochloride เกลือ นี้ทำในลักษณะเดียวกันกับ methamphetaminehydrochloride ซัลเฟตมีทางเลือกเกลือไฮโดรคลอไรด์69. salt. This more hasslesome procedure calls for the use of cooled solutionsof amphetamine base in alcohol and cooled solutions of sulfuric acid inalcohol. Furthermore, a recrystallization from alcohol-ether is requiredbecause trapped excess sulfuric acid in the crystals causes them to turn tomush or worse. By using HCl gas, the excess acid floats off as gas. An excellent review of this reaction can be found in Organic Reactions,Volume 17. Nearly double these yields can be obtained if the undergroundchemist is willing to risk using hydrogen cyanide instead of acetonitrile.The hydrogen cyanide is made inside the reaction flask from sodium cyanideand sulfuric acid. For complete directions, see Organic Syntheses,Collective Volume 5, page 471 to 473. The name of the compound is alpha,alpha, Dimethyl beta phenethylamine. A good alternative to the Ritter reaction is a two step procedure firstreacting safrole with hydrobromic acid to give 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-bromopropane, and then taking this material and reacting it with eitherammonia or methylamine to yield MDA or MDMA respectively. This procedurehas the advantages of not being at all sensitive to batch size, nor is itlikely to "run away" and produce a tarry mess. It shares with the Ritterreaction the advantage of using cheap, simple, and easily availablechemicals. The sole disadvantage of this method is the need to do the finalreaction with ammonia or methylamine inside a sealed pipe. This is becausethe reaction must be done in the temperature range of 120-140ø C, and theonly way to reach this temperature is to seal the reactants up inside of abomb. This is not particularly dangerous, and is quite safe if some simpleprecautions are taken. The first stage of the conversion, the reaction with hydrobromic acid,is quite simple, and produces almost a 100% yield of the brominatedproduct. See the Journal of Biological Chemistry, Volume 108 page 619. Theauthor is H.E. Carter. Also see Chemical Abstracts 1961, column 14350. Thefollowing reaction takes place: To do the reaction, 200 ml of glacial acetic acid is poured into achampagne bottle nestled in ice. Once the acetic acid has cooled down, 300grams (200 ml) of 48% hydrobromic acid is slowly added with swirling. Oncethis mixture has cooled down, 100 grams of safrole is slowly added withswirling. Once the safrole is added, the cheap plastic stopper of thechampagne bottle is wired back into place, and the mixture is slowlyallowed to come to room temperature with occasional shaking. After about 12hours the original two layers will merge into a clear red solution. In 24hours, the reaction is done. The chemist carefully removes the stopper fromthe bottle, wearing eye protection. Some acid mist may escape from aroundthe stopper. The reaction mixture is now poured onto about 500 grams of crushed icein a 1000 or 2000 ml beaker. Once the ice has melted, the red layer ofproduct is separated, and the water is extracted with about 100 ml ofpetroleum ether or regular ethyl ether. The ether extract is added to theproduct, and the combined product is washed first with water, and then witha solution of sodium carbonate in water. The purpose of these washings isto remove HBr from the product. One can be sure that all the acid isremoved from the product when some fresh carbonate solution does not fizzin contact with the product.70. Once all the acid in the product is removed, the ether must be removedfrom it. This is important because if the ether were allowed to remain init, too much pressure would be generated in the next stage inside of thebomb. Also, it would interfere with the formation of a solution between theproduct and methylamine or ammonia. It is not necessary to distill theproduct because with a yield of over 90%, the crude product is pure enoughto feed into the next stage. To remove the ether from the product, thecrude product is poured into a flask, and a vacuum is applied to it. Thiscauses the ether to boil off. Some gentle heating with hot water is quitehelpful to this process. The yield of crude product is in the neighborhoodof 200 grams. With the bromo compound in hand, it is time to move onto the next stepwhich gives MDA or MDMA. See Chemical Abstracts 1961, column 14350. Alsosee Journal of the American Chemical Society, Volume 68, page 1805 andJournal of the Chemistry Society, part 2 1938, page 2005. The bromocompound reacts with ammonia or methylamine to give MDA or MDMA: To do the reaction, 50 grams of the bromo compound is poured into abeaker, and 200 ml of concentrated ammonium hydroxide (28% NH3) or 40%methylamine is added. Next, isopropyl alcohol is added with stirring untila nice smooth solution is formed. It is not good to add too much alcoholbecause a more dilute solution reacts slower. Now the mixture is pouredinto a pipe "bomb." This pipe should be made of stainless steel, and havefine threads on both ends. Stainless steel is preferred because the HBrgiven off in the reaction will rust regular steel. Both ends of the pipeare securely tightened down. The bottom may even be welded into place. Thenthe pipe is placed into cooking oil heated to around 130øC. Thistemperature is maintained for about 3 hours or so, then it is allowed tocool. Once the pipe is merely warm, it is cooled down some more in ice, andthe cap unscrewed. The reaction mixture is poured into a distilling flask, the glasswarerigged for simple distillation, and the isopropyl alcohol and excessammonia or methylamine is distilled off. When this is done, the residueinside the flask is made acid with hydrochloric acid. If indicating pHpaper is available, a pH of about 3 should be aimed for. This converts theMDA to the hydrochloride which is water soluble. Good strong shaking of themixture ensures that this conversion is complete. The first stage of thepurification is to recover unreacted bromo compound. To do this, 200 to 300ml of ether is added. After some shaking, the ether layer is separated. Itcontains close to 20 grams of bromo compound which may be used again inlater batches. Now the acid solution containing the MDA is made strongly basic withlye solution. The mixture is shaken for a few minutes to ensure that theMDA is converted to the free base. Upon sitting for a few minutes, the MDAfloats on top of the water as a dark colored oily layer. This layer isseparated and placed into a distilling flask. Next, the water layer isextracted with some toluene to get out the remaining MDA free base. Thetoluene is combined with the free base layer, and the toluene is distilledoff. Then a vacuum is applied, and the mixture is fractionally distilled. Agood aspirator with cold water will bring the MDA off at a temperature of150g to 160ø C. The free base should be c
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68. When the acid has been added to the amide, the mixture is swirled. Theyusually mix together well. If they dont, stronger acid is used. Addingsome full strength acid to the mix should do the job. Then a few boilingchips are added to the flask, a condenser attached to the flask, and heatapplied to boil the mixture at reflux. The reflux boiling is continued for 10 hours. During this time themixture will turn black. At the end of the boiling period, the mixture isallowed to cool down. When it is cool, 200 ml of benzene or toluene isadded to the flask. The mixture is shaken well for a couple of minutes,then allowed to sit. The benzene floats up to the top, and has dissolved init most of the unreacted amide, and other unwanted garbage. The benzene layer is then poured off into a sep funnel, and any waterlayer carried along drained back into the flask. The benzene layer ispoured off into another container for future processing. It may bedifficult to tell exactly where the benzene layer ends and the water startsbecause of their similar color. A sharp eye and good lighting help to spotthe interface of the two fluids. The acid solution of the amphetamine is now made alkaline to liberatethe free base for distilling. To do this, Iye is added to the acid solutionin the 2000 ml flask. Assuming the use of about 1200 ml of 15% hydrochloricacid solution, one 12 oz. can of lye does the job. The mixture is firstswirled to release heat, then shaken vigorously for five minutes. I cannotemphasize enough the importance of vigorous and prolonged shaking herebecause the amphetamine base initially formed tends to dissolveunneutralized amphetamine hydrochloride. The oily droplets protect thehydrochloride from contact with the lye solution unless the shaking isstrong and prolonged. When the shaking is completed, the mixture is allowed to cool down.Then 300 ml of benzene or toluene is added to the flask, and shakingcontinued for a minute or two. After sitting for a couple of minutes, abenzene-amphetamine layer floats above the water layer. This is poured offinto a sep funnel, and the benzene-amphetamine layer poured into a 1000 mlround bottom flask. The amphetamine-benzene mixture is distilled in exactly the same manneras described in Chapter 5. The boiling point of benzedrine is 10ø to 20øClower than meth. The yield of benzedrine is in the range of 100 to 150 ml. The benzedrine produced by this reaction is either used and removed asis, or it is converted to methamphetamine. A very good and simple processfor doing this can be found in the Journal of the American ChemicalSociety, Volume 62, pages 922-4. The author is Woodruff. The yield for thisprocess is over 90%, so a greater volume of methamphetamine comes out ofthe reaction than the benzedrine input. This is because the gain inmolecular weight achieved by adding the methyl group outweighs the smallshortfall from 100% yield. For those who have difficulty reading the Woodruff article, meth isdescribed as B-phenylisopropylmethylamine. The amine is benzedrine. If the benzedrine product is used as is, the producer makes it as thehydrochloride salt. This is made the same way as methamphetaminehydrochloride. An alternative to the hydrochloride salt is the sulfate
69. salt. This more hasslesome procedure calls for the use of cooled solutionsof amphetamine base in alcohol and cooled solutions of sulfuric acid inalcohol. Furthermore, a recrystallization from alcohol-ether is requiredbecause trapped excess sulfuric acid in the crystals causes them to turn tomush or worse. By using HCl gas, the excess acid floats off as gas. An excellent review of this reaction can be found in Organic Reactions,Volume 17. Nearly double these yields can be obtained if the undergroundchemist is willing to risk using hydrogen cyanide instead of acetonitrile.The hydrogen cyanide is made inside the reaction flask from sodium cyanideand sulfuric acid. For complete directions, see Organic Syntheses,Collective Volume 5, page 471 to 473. The name of the compound is alpha,alpha, Dimethyl beta phenethylamine. A good alternative to the Ritter reaction is a two step procedure firstreacting safrole with hydrobromic acid to give 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-bromopropane, and then taking this material and reacting it with eitherammonia or methylamine to yield MDA or MDMA respectively. This procedurehas the advantages of not being at all sensitive to batch size, nor is itlikely to "run away" and produce a tarry mess. It shares with the Ritterreaction the advantage of using cheap, simple, and easily availablechemicals. The sole disadvantage of this method is the need to do the finalreaction with ammonia or methylamine inside a sealed pipe. This is becausethe reaction must be done in the temperature range of 120-140ø C, and theonly way to reach this temperature is to seal the reactants up inside of abomb. This is not particularly dangerous, and is quite safe if some simpleprecautions are taken. The first stage of the conversion, the reaction with hydrobromic acid,is quite simple, and produces almost a 100% yield of the brominatedproduct. See the Journal of Biological Chemistry, Volume 108 page 619. Theauthor is H.E. Carter. Also see Chemical Abstracts 1961, column 14350. Thefollowing reaction takes place: To do the reaction, 200 ml of glacial acetic acid is poured into achampagne bottle nestled in ice. Once the acetic acid has cooled down, 300grams (200 ml) of 48% hydrobromic acid is slowly added with swirling. Oncethis mixture has cooled down, 100 grams of safrole is slowly added withswirling. Once the safrole is added, the cheap plastic stopper of thechampagne bottle is wired back into place, and the mixture is slowlyallowed to come to room temperature with occasional shaking. After about 12hours the original two layers will merge into a clear red solution. In 24hours, the reaction is done. The chemist carefully removes the stopper fromthe bottle, wearing eye protection. Some acid mist may escape from aroundthe stopper. The reaction mixture is now poured onto about 500 grams of crushed icein a 1000 or 2000 ml beaker. Once the ice has melted, the red layer ofproduct is separated, and the water is extracted with about 100 ml ofpetroleum ether or regular ethyl ether. The ether extract is added to theproduct, and the combined product is washed first with water, and then witha solution of sodium carbonate in water. The purpose of these washings isto remove HBr from the product. One can be sure that all the acid isremoved from the product when some fresh carbonate solution does not fizzin contact with the product.
70. Once all the acid in the product is removed, the ether must be removedfrom it. This is important because if the ether were allowed to remain init, too much pressure would be generated in the next stage inside of thebomb. Also, it would interfere with the formation of a solution between theproduct and methylamine or ammonia. It is not necessary to distill theproduct because with a yield of over 90%, the crude product is pure enoughto feed into the next stage. To remove the ether from the product, thecrude product is poured into a flask, and a vacuum is applied to it. Thiscauses the ether to boil off. Some gentle heating with hot water is quitehelpful to this process. The yield of crude product is in the neighborhoodof 200 grams. With the bromo compound in hand, it is time to move onto the next stepwhich gives MDA or MDMA. See Chemical Abstracts 1961, column 14350. Alsosee Journal of the American Chemical Society, Volume 68, page 1805 andJournal of the Chemistry Society, part 2 1938, page 2005. The bromocompound reacts with ammonia or methylamine to give MDA or MDMA: To do the reaction, 50 grams of the bromo compound is poured into abeaker, and 200 ml of concentrated ammonium hydroxide (28% NH3) or 40%methylamine is added. Next, isopropyl alcohol is added with stirring untila nice smooth solution is formed. It is not good to add too much alcoholbecause a more dilute solution reacts slower. Now the mixture is pouredinto a pipe "bomb." This pipe should be made of stainless steel, and havefine threads on both ends. Stainless steel is preferred because the HBrgiven off in the reaction will rust regular steel. Both ends of the pipeare securely tightened down. The bottom may even be welded into place. Thenthe pipe is placed into cooking oil heated to around 130øC. Thistemperature is maintained for about 3 hours or so, then it is allowed tocool. Once the pipe is merely warm, it is cooled down some more in ice, andthe cap unscrewed. The reaction mixture is poured into a distilling flask, the glasswarerigged for simple distillation, and the isopropyl alcohol and excessammonia or methylamine is distilled off. When this is done, the residueinside the flask is made acid with hydrochloric acid. If indicating pHpaper is available, a pH of about 3 should be aimed for. This converts theMDA to the hydrochloride which is water soluble. Good strong shaking of themixture ensures that this conversion is complete. The first stage of thepurification is to recover unreacted bromo compound. To do this, 200 to 300ml of ether is added. After some shaking, the ether layer is separated. Itcontains close to 20 grams of bromo compound which may be used again inlater batches. Now the acid solution containing the MDA is made strongly basic withlye solution. The mixture is shaken for a few minutes to ensure that theMDA is converted to the free base. Upon sitting for a few minutes, the MDAfloats on top of the water as a dark colored oily layer. This layer isseparated and placed into a distilling flask. Next, the water layer isextracted with some toluene to get out the remaining MDA free base. Thetoluene is combined with the free base layer, and the toluene is distilledoff. Then a vacuum is applied, and the mixture is fractionally distilled. Agood aspirator with cold water will bring the MDA off at a temperature of150g to 160ø C. The free base should be c
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68. When the acid has been added to the amide, the mixture is swirled. Theyusually mix together well. If they dont, stronger acid is used. Addingsome full strength acid to the mix should do the job. Then a few boilingchips are added to the flask, a condenser attached to the flask, and heatapplied to boil the mixture at reflux. The reflux boiling is continued for 10 hours. During this time themixture will turn black. At the end of the boiling period, the mixture isallowed to cool down. When it is cool, 200 ml of benzene or toluene isadded to the flask. The mixture is shaken well for a couple of minutes,then allowed to sit. The benzene floats up to the top, and has dissolved init most of the unreacted amide, and other unwanted garbage.เบนซินเป็นชั้น แล้วเททิ้งลงในก.ย. กรวย และ waterlayer พัดพาไประบายกลับเข้าไปในขวด เบนซิน ชั้น ispoured ออกไปในอีกภาชนะสำหรับการประมวลผลในอนาคต มันอาจ bedifficult บอกว่า เบนซิน ชั้นปลาย และน้ำ startsbecause สีคล้ายคลึงกันของพวกเขา สายตาที่คมชัดและแสงที่ดีช่วย spotthe อินเตอร์เฟซของทั้งสองของเหลว The acid solution of the amphetamine is now made alkaline to liberatethe free base for distilling. To do this, Iye is added to the acid solutionin the 2000 ml flask. Assuming the use of about 1200 ml of 15% hydrochloricacid solution, one 12 oz. can of lye does the job. The mixture is firstswirled to release heat, then shaken vigorously for five minutes. I cannotemphasize enough the importance of vigorous and prolonged shaking herebecause the amphetamine base initially formed tends to dissolveunneutralized amphetamine hydrochloride. The oily droplets protect thehydrochloride from contact with the lye solution unless the shaking isstrong and prolonged. When the shaking is completed, the mixture is allowed to cool down.Then 300 ml of benzene or toluene is added to the flask, and shakingcontinued for a minute or two. After sitting for a couple of minutes, abenzene-amphetamine layer floats above the water layer. This is poured offinto a sep funnel, and the benzene-amphetamine layer poured into a 1000 mlround bottom flask.ใช้น้ำมันเบนซินผสมกลั่น ใน ตรงเดียวกัน manneras อธิบายไว้ในบทที่ 5 จุดเดือดของเบนซีดรีน 10 ขึ้น 20 ขึ้น���มากกว่ายาบ้า ผลผลิตของเบนซีดรีนอยู่ในช่วง 100 - 150 ml เบนซีดรีนที่ผลิตโดยปฏิกิริยานี้ใช้เหมือนกันและลบออก อาซิส หรือแปลงเป็นยาบ้า .ที่ดีมากและง่าย processfor ทำนี้สามารถพบได้ในวารสาร chemicalsociety อเมริกันเล่ม 62 หน้า 922-4 . ผู้เขียนเป็นดุจดัง . สำหรับกระบวนการผลิตมากกว่า 90% ดังนั้นปริมาณที่มากขึ้นของยาบ้าออกมาจากปฏิกิริยามากกว่าเบนซีดรีนใส่นี้เป็นเพราะได้รับ inmolecular น้ำหนักทำได้โดยการเพิ่มกลุ่มเมทิลลูกชิ้น smallshortfall จากผลผลิต 100% สำหรับผู้ที่มีปัญหาในการอ่านบทความ ดุจดัง ยาบ้า isdescribed เป็น b-phenylisopropylmethylamine . และ amine คือเบนซีดรีน . ถ้าผลิตภัณฑ์เบนซีดรีนใช้เป็นผู้ผลิต ทำให้มันเป็น thehydrochloride เกลืออันนี้ทำแบบเดียวกับ methamphetaminehydrochloride . ทางเลือกเพื่อการเกลือซัลเฟต
69 เกลือ นี้ hasslesome วิธีการเรียกใช้ด้วย solutionsof ยาบ้าฐานในแอลกอฮอล์ และด้วยโซลูชั่นของกรดกำมะถัน inalcohol . นอกจากนี้มีการตกผลึกจากอีเทอร์ requiredbecause ติดแอลกอฮอล์ส่วนเกินกรดซัลฟูริคในผลึกทำให้พวกเขาเปิด tomush หรือแย่ลง โดยการใช้กรดเกลือ แก๊ส กรดส่วนเกินลอยปิดแก๊ส มีรีวิวที่ยอดเยี่ยมของปฏิกิริยานี้สามารถพบได้ในปฏิกิริยาอินทรีย์ เล่ม 17 .เกือบสองเท่าผลผลิตเหล่านี้สามารถรับได้ถ้า undergroundchemist ยินดีที่จะเสี่ยงใช้ ไฮโดรเจนไซยาไนด์แทนไน ส่วนไฮโดรเจนไซยาไนด์ถูกสร้างภายในขวด จากปฏิกิริยาโซเดียม cyanideand กรดกำมะถัน สำหรับเส้นทางที่สมบูรณ์ เห็นการสังเคราะห์อินทรีย์ ปริมาณรวม 5 , 473 หน้าพวก . ชื่อของสารประกอบอัลฟ่า อัลฟ่า ไดเมทิลเบต้าฟีนีไทลามีน .ทางเลือกที่ดีกับปฏิกิริยาริตเตอร์เป็นสองขั้นตอนขั้นตอน firstreacting ซาฟรอลกับกรดไฮโดรโบรมิกให้ 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-bromopropane แล้วใช้วัสดุนี้และทำมันด้วย eitherammonia เมธิลามีน ( หรือ MDMA หรือผลผลิต ตามลำดับ นี้ procedurehas ข้อดีของไม่เป็นที่อ่อนไหวขนาดชุดหรือ itlikely ที่จะ " หนี " และสร้างระเบียบช้า . มันหุ้นกับ ritterreaction ประโยชน์ของการใช้ราคาถูก , ง่าย , และสามารถ availablechemicals . ข้อเสียอย่างเดียวของวิธีนี้คือต้องทำ finalreaction ด้วยแอมโมเนีย หรือเมทิลามีนภายในท่อปิดผนึก นี้เป็นปฏิกิริยา เนื่องจากต้องทำในช่วงอุณหภูมิ 120-140 ขึ้น C and theonly way to reach this temperature is to seal the reactants up inside of abomb. This is not particularly dangerous, and is quite safe if some simpleprecautions are taken. The first stage of the conversion, the reaction with hydrobromic acid,is quite simple, and produces almost a 100% yield of the brominatedproduct. See the Journal of Biological Chemistry, Volume 108 page 619.ผู้เขียนคือ ฯพณฯ คาร์เตอร์ ยังเห็นเคมีบทคัดย่อ 1961 , คอลัมน์ 14350 . คือปฏิกิริยาที่เกิดขึ้น : การทำปฏิกิริยา 200 ml ของกรดแอซีติกเทลงในขวด achampagne ตั้งอยู่ในน้ำแข็ง เมื่อกรดเย็นลง 300grams ( 200 ml ) 48 % กรดไฮโดรโบรมิกค่อยๆเพิ่มกับตก oncethis ส่วนผสมเย็นลง 100 grams of safrole is slowly added withswirling. Once the safrole is added, the cheap plastic stopper of thechampagne bottle is wired back into place, and the mixture is slowlyallowed to come to room temperature with occasional shaking. After about 12hours the original two layers will merge into a clear red solution. In 24hours, the reaction is done. The chemist carefully removes the stopper fromthe bottle, wearing eye protection. Some acid mist may escape from aroundthe stopper. The reaction mixture is now poured onto about 500 grams of crushed icein a 1000 or 2000 ml beaker. Once the ice has melted, the red layer ofproduct is separated, and the water is extracted with about 100 ml ofpetroleum ether or regular ethyl ether.อีเทอร์ สกัด เพิ่มสินค้า และผลิตภัณฑ์ รวมล้างด้วยน้ำแล้วกับสารละลายโซเดียม คาร์บอเนตในน้ำ วัตถุประสงค์ของ washings เพื่อลบเหล่านี้ของจากผลิตภัณฑ์ หนึ่งสามารถมั่นใจได้ว่าทั้งหมดของกรด isremoved จากผลิตภัณฑ์เมื่อสูด คาร์บอเนต แก้ปัญหาไม่ได้ fizzin ติดต่อกับผลิตภัณฑ์
70 Once all the acid in the product is removed, the ether must be removedfrom it. This is important because if the ether were allowed to remain init, too much pressure would be generated in the next stage inside of thebomb. Also, it would interfere with the formation of a solution between theproduct and methylamine or ammonia. It is not necessary to distill theproduct because with a yield of over 90%, the crude product is pure enoughto feed into the next stage. To remove the ether from the product, thecrude product is poured into a flask, and a vacuum is applied to it. Thiscauses the ether to boil off. Some gentle heating with hot water is quitehelpful to this process. The yield of crude product is in the neighborhoodof 200 grams. With the bromo compound in hand, it is time to move onto the next stepwhich gives MDA or MDMA. See Chemical Abstracts 1961, column 14350. Alsosee Journal of the American Chemical Society, Volume 68, page 1805 andJournal of the Chemistry Society, part 2 1938, page 2005.การ bromocompound ทำปฏิกิริยากับแอมโมเนีย หรือเมทิลามีนให้ ( หรือ MDMA : ทำปฏิกิริยา , 50 กรัมของโบรโม่ผสมเทลงใน abeaker และ 200 มล. ความเข้มข้นแอมโมเนียมไฮดรอกไซด์ ( 28 ) nh3 ) หรือ 40 เปอร์เซ็นต์เมทิลามีนจะถูกเพิ่ม ถัดไป , isopropyl แอลกอฮอล์เพิ่มด้วยกวนดีเรียบ untila แก้ปัญหาที่เกิดขึ้น It is not good to add too much alcoholbecause a more dilute solution reacts slower. Now the mixture is pouredinto a pipe "bomb." This pipe should be made of stainless steel, and havefine threads on both ends. Stainless steel is preferred because the HBrgiven off in the reaction will rust regular steel. Both ends of the pipeare securely tightened down. The bottom may even be welded into place. Thenthe pipe is placed into cooking oil heated to around 130øC. Thistemperature is maintained for about 3 hours or so, then it is allowed tocool. Once the pipe is merely warm, it is cooled down some more in ice, andthe cap unscrewed. The reaction mixture is poured into a distilling flask, the glasswarerigged for simple distillation, and the isopropyl alcohol and excessammonia or methylamine is distilled off. When this is done, the residueinside the flask is made acid with hydrochloric acid. If indicating pHpaper is available, a pH of about 3 should be aimed for. This converts theMDA to the hydrochloride which is water soluble. Good strong shaking of themixture ensures that this conversion is complete.ขั้นตอนแรกของ thepurification คือการกู้คืนเข้าสู่โบรโม่ผสม ทำ 200 ถึง 300 มล. อีเธอร์คือเพิ่ม หลังบางสั่น อีเทอร์เป็นชั้นแยกกัน ลับเกือบ 20 กรัมของโบรโม่ผสม ซึ่งอาจจะใช้อีก inlater ชุด ตอนนี้ใช้สารละลายกรดที่มีน้ำตาลเป็นโซลูชั่นที่ withlye พื้นฐานขอ The mixture is shaken for a few minutes to ensure that theMDA is converted to the free base. Upon sitting for a few minutes, the MDAfloats on top of the water as a dark colored oily layer. This layer isseparated and placed into a distilling flask. Next, the water layer isextracted with some toluene to get out the remaining MDA free base. Thetoluene is combined with the free base layer,และโทลูอีนเป็น distilledoff . แล้วดูดที่ใช้และส่วนผสมเป็น fractionally กลั่น ช่วยดูดด้วยน้ำเย็นจะนำน้ำตาลไปที่อุณหภูมิ 160 องศาเซลเซียส of150g ขึ้นฐานฟรีควรค
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