Systematic use of mathematical models to predict performance
of a lead-acid battery to meet a variety of purposes is the focus of
many investigations[2e10], and extensive reviews of this work also
exist[11,12]. Though differing in details, all models proposed so far
take into account: (i) migration and diffusion of reactive species, (ii)
ohmic resistance in the electrolyte, and (iii) thefinite rate of charge
transfer reactions. Resistance to electron conduction in the electrodes is also an important factor that needs attention. It is affected
by changes in the porosity of the electrode, and existing models do
take into account this aspect. However, electrical resistance of
electrodes is also affected by another process. Active materials are