The Kramer shear press (Anonymous, 1970) consists of a hydraulic ram on which a
measuring body with various blades is mounted (Fig. 6). The test material is inserted at
the grid bottom of the shear box. When the ram comes down, the material is compressed
and sheared between the intermeshing blades and grid. The force units are recorded as a
function of time and from this graph the maximum force can be read and the energy
necessary for shear can be calculated. The force exerted on the material is recorded by
means of a proving ring and transducer. The speed of the hydraulic ram can be adjusted
over a relatively limited range and is in the same order of magnitude as with the Instron..