. Nd and Dy recycling is not able to reduce the demand for virgin Nd and Dy significantly in the short-to-medium term due to the relatively long lifetimes of end-use products, which delays their appearance in waste stream for the final recovery of resources. However, recycling is found to play a major role in reducing this gap in the long term, i.e. beyond 2050. Recycling is also found to play a significant role in lowering the geopolitical aspect of supply risk (estimated based on the Herfindahl Hirschman Index) from 7595 to 1244 for Nd and from 9647 to 1801 for Dy in the ultimate renewable energy scenario by 2100. This is foreseen mainly because of the increasing secondary production and thus the diversification of REEs supply (both primary and secondary) originating from a number of different countries in the future.