and that nanomaterials may adversely affect biota in publically owned treatment works, it is important to study the contents of wastewater before it is discharged to the municipal waste stream. Further research is needed to generate a complete understanding of nanoparticle concentration and physiochemical properties in wastewater. This includes assessment of nanoparticles released froma variety of industrial sources, examining the real-world efficacy of novel premunicipal WWT methods being introduced and the development of analytical methods capable of generating essential, quantitative characterization data on mixed-nanoparticle systems in complex matrices.