on the basis of the finding in the current study, the another also question the strong focus that nurse s have on determining the root of a child's behavior. further mapping and identifying the root cause is important as well as recognizing the intrinsic value of the presence, support, and caring of nurse as deputies for the absent parents. further the research and more in-depth observational studies are needed that focus on the meaning of presence and intersubjective encounters between nurses and children living in family with parental substance abuse.