In general, at all test sites, soil bulk density increased after logging, with the largest difference observed in the
skidder tracks (Fig. 6). Selective logging using skid trails and tractor winches has opened and destroyed the soil
surface over approximately 4–6% and 60–75% of the forested area, respectively. Manual land clearing for intensive
line-planting has opened approximately 15–20% of the forested area. Tractor movement has significantly increased
the soil compaction and reduced the infiltration capacity, especially along skid trails