The learning outcomes outlined in the KBSR encompass the four language skills – listening, speaking, reading and writing – reflecting the needs in the daily life of Malaysian society. The outcomes continue to the secondary school curriculum, KBSM, as an extension to give opportunities to learners to engage in wider reading for enjoyment and self-development, as well as to develop an understanding of other societies, cultures, values and traditions to contribute to emotional and spiritual growth. The KBSM English syllabus advocated the Communicative language teaching (CLT) syllabus integrating all four language skills to achieve a total development of all skills. To create enjoyment and for self-development, a literature component was introduced to the secondary school syllabus.