Conclusion
This systematic review provides eight new findings that have emerged in response to the three research questions: (1) The most common research purpose for the studies on mobile learning in science was designing a mobile system for learning, followed by a combination of evaluating the effects of mobile learning and investigating the affective domain during mobile learning; (2) case studies, mixed methods, and quasi-experimental design were the most adopted research methods by researchers of mobile learning in science; (3) all studies of mobile learning in science reported positive outcomes; (4) the majority of studies of mobile learning were conducted in the area of life science; (5) most of the studies on the use of mobile devices for science learning took place in elementary school settings; (6) the majority of the studies occurred in an informal educational context; (7) the variety of the devices used indicated that the device type was not important; and (8) while research was conducted in thirteen countries, the majority of the studies on mobile learning in science were conducted in Taiwan. Looking at the findings holistically, the researchers discovered that there is an interest in using mobile devices to learn science. This research interest is particularly developed in the life sciences and within informal contexts. The scientific concepts studied in life science are primarily about living organisms that are found outside the classroom. With the portability of mobile devices, these
concepts can now be explored in multiple settings; they are not confined to classroom study. This study did identify positive use of mobile devices in all areas of science, indicating that there is value in embracing these technologies to support all science learners. As the accessibility and use of mobile devices grow in schools, it will be important for research in this area to continue so that the value and affordances provided by mobile learning can be evaluated and shared with others.