passage 3
1 A recent study found that resident doctors know when they are exhausted, upset or overwhelmed and when they are, they are far more likely to admit they made an error. What they are admitting is that sleepiness is not the only factor. Above and beyond that is general distress and mental fatigue, researchers reported in the journal of the American Medical Association.
2 “while fatigue is important, there is this whole domain of distress beyond fatigue that also demands attention,” Colin West of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, who led the study, said in an interview. The findings may help point to ways to better reduce the burdens on resident doctors, known in some countries as junior doctors, and in turn prevent mistakes. “I think this is going to have an impact on healthcare reform,” Dr. West said. “We need to put resources into training and medicine to control work hours and maintain physician well-being.”
3 The US Institute of Medicine reported in 1999 that between 48,000 and 98,000 Americans die each year from preventable medical errors ranging
from drug overdoses to infections caught in the hospital. And doctors, unions and other experts have been clamoring to cut the work hours of residents, who are required to work at least 50 hours a week at most training hospitals.
4 Dr. West and colleagues surveyed 356 residents at 163 medical schools globally. They found that 39% reported making at least one major medical error during the study period, and these doctors were also more likely to say they were sleepy, fatigued, or stressed. “What we have shown in this data is that fatigue is important, but it's only part of the issue and previous studies have not paid much attention to the distress factors,” Dr. West said. “Over the course of their training and the course of their career everyone has made a major error.Everyone tries to be perfect but no one is.”He said only limiting work hours may not be enough.
5 Teaching hospitals across the United States have moved to limit residents' work weeks to 40 hours to reduce fatigue-related errors. It is estimated that this could cost US$171 million to $487 million a year, depending on whether additional residents are hired or substitute providers are brought in.
41.What is the main idea of the passage?
1.All resident doctors make at least one mistake while they are training
2.Psychological as well as physical exhaustion can cause residents to make mistakes.
3.One of the most important factors leading to preventable errors is sleepiness.
4.Cutting resident doctors' work hours can make them less tired.
42.Which of the following is NOT true?
1.The mistakes made by doctors cause thousands of deaths in America each year.
2.Dr. West's research aims to find ways to improve junior doctors' working conditions.
3.Common mistakes made by hospital residents include drug overdoses.
4.Dr. West's study reveals that fatigue is the only major cause of medical errors.
43.Which word is closest in meaning to “clamoring” (paragraph 3)?
1.Demanding
2.Rejecting
3.Announcing
4.Encouraging
44.which of the following is TRUE about studies in the past?
1.They paid special attention to emotional factors.
2.They identified three main factors leading to errors.
3.They pointed out that careful doctors made no mistakes.
4.They didn't emphasize the role of stress in medical errors.
45.What does “this” (paragraph 5) refer to?
1.Trying to be perfect
2.Being sleepy, fatigued, or stressed
3.Limiting residents' work hours
4.Hiring additional residents