Sample
This research was conducted with 481 elementary and secondary pre-service mathematics teachers who were selected using the random sampling method. The sample of the research composed of 320 pre-service teachers who were studying in four classes in the elementary mathematics teaching program and 161 pre-service teachers who were studying in five classes in the secondary mathematics teaching program. All the pre-service teachers volunteered to participate in the research. Table 1 shows the frequency of 463 pre-service teachers who completely filled all scales out of the 481 pre-service teachers who participated in the study.