The easy interpretation would have been that this was a case of "the empire strikes back",of maverick nationalist aspirations being brought back under the discipline of the global economy. In fact, the new internationalization was not simply the negation of earlier nationalist policies. In some ways it was a vindication. IBM provides the emblematic case. Its expansion in the 1990s was increasingly based on alliances with locally owned firms. This was in part because the nature of the industry had changed globally, but it was also because local greenhouses had produced razilian, Indian, and Korean firms whose organizational strength, humam capital, and experience made them legitimate partners. The new interna tionalization was in part the product of successful midwifery What was most interesting about this change, from the point of view of my argument, was its contradictory implications for relations between the