leaders of state organs, the party has also exerted its leverage via “interlocking directorate,” that is, having key party officials themselves directly take charge of state bodies. In the 1950s this practice reflected in part the scarcity of skilled individuals whom the top party leaders felt they could fully trust. It was often the case, therefore, that one individual acted as both the top party secretary and as the head of government in a territory. In 1951, for example, Huang Jing was both party secretary and mayor of Tianjin City, Peng Zhen held both positions in Beijing: Chen Yi did the same in Shanghai; Lin Ruoyu was party secretary and governor of Shandong Province; and Tan Zhenlin held both positions in Jiangsu Province, as did Ye Jainying in Guangdong. In addition, the same person often held an important post in the local military organization typically, as political commissar of the provincial military district.