children from transnational households (TH) and those from non-migrant households. It should be noted
that multiple studies show that “children’s education” is often the most frequent answer for the use of
remittances from migrant parents (Knodel et al., 2010; Rigg et al., 2012) and that many migration studies
have found that parental migration has a positive effect on children’s education (Gerritson et al., 2013). A
study in Kanchanaburi province, however, finds that adolescents whose mother has migrated are at greater
risk of leaving school, and several earlier studies also found that mother’s absence has a greater impact on
school attainment than father’s absence (Korinek and Punpuing, 2012).