It would have required more than Zhou’s moderation, welcome as it was, to assuage concerns about China within Southeast Asia. It had been noted that the earlier revolutionary approach was being downplayed, rather than abandoned. The Chinese had earlier broadcast their support for communist insurgencies in Southeast Asia and their new tendency to argue that state relations were separate from Communist Party relations if anything only served to accentuate the suspicions of many of its neighbours. A further set of problems arose from the position of the so-called overseas Chinese, who generally dominated commercial activities in Southeast Asia. Their cultural and often familial ties to China often excited suspicion, which China’s patrimonial attitude as expressed from time to time did little to dispel. In 1954 the PRC redefined citizenship within its new constitution, as a result of which Chinese living abroad were no longer automatically regarded as citizens of the PRC. They were encouraged to choose either local nationality or that of the PRC. If the letter, they forbidden to participate in local politics. A practical example of the new policy was the treaty signed with Indonesia in April 1955, after the Bandung Conference. Ethnic Chinese residents of Indonesia who had not acquired citizenship were given the right to choose between the two nationalities within two years. But domestic opposition delayed ratification of the treaty for years, and discriminatory legislation was nevertheless passed in 1958.