There are some limitations with the data and analysis that warrant discussion. To date there are two major ongoing sur- veys that are typically used to asses cross-national attitudes. These are the World Values Survey and the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). The ISSP is primarily conducted in Western industrialized nations, and as a result, the sampling, mea- surement, and fieldwork tends to be of a higher quality than the WVS.18 Unfortunately, no Muslim countries have ever been included in the ISSP. Hence, it is not possible for us to test for Muslim effects with the ISSP. As both the ISSP and WVS continue to expand, researchers will be able to do analyses with a more diverse array of countries and include more country-level control variables.