Temperature programmed desorption. Temperature programmed
desorption (TPD) experiments were performed in
a fully automated AMI-200 Catalyst Characterization Instrument
(Altamira Instruments), equipped with a quadrupole mass
spectrometer (Dymaxion 200 amu, Ametek). In a typical TPD
experiment, around 100 mg of sample was placed in a U-shaped
quartz tube located inside an electrical furnace and subjected to
a 5 ◦C min−1 heating rate up to 1100 ◦C, under helium flow of
30 cm3 min−1. Desorbed CO and CO2 were monitored by mass spectrometry.