2.3. Corporate governance and volatility In our model, there need not be any actual expropriation by managers while times are good, for example when R 1. Typically, in most emerging markets s above 0.3 (i.e., much higher than is usual in the US), a reasonably optimistic expectation for R might be enough to remove the incentive for managerial theft. Detailed examination of insider ownership in some emerging markets that the is in La Porta et al. (1999) and LLSV (1999b, find, for example median cash ho control more than flow rights (in companies where insiders 20% of the votes) are 41% in Argentina, 26% in Korea, 28% in Hong Kong, 34% in Mexico, 20% in Israel, and 31% in Singapore. This suggests that the institutions" that protect investors' rights are not important as long as growth lasts, because managers do not want to st It may even be possible to attract a great deal of outside capital during a period when the economy expands. But when growth prospects decline, the lack of good corporate governance becomes important.