For purposes of the theory of civil liability offered in this Article, what is important is not the final merit of any particular theory of contract law or tort law. Rather, it is the claim that what unifies fields of private law is not any particular set of normative concerns. Private law seems to be morally pluralistic, and we should not expect it to center on a single normative goal such as corrective justice. Despite this pluralism, however, private law hangs together in a normative sense. What unites it is civil liability. Its normative unity lies not in the fact that it pursues a single normative goal, but that rendering defendants vulnerable to attack by plaintiffs advances all the normative goals it pursues.