Capital asset Perceived influence of NMP
Natural capital Positive impacts on terrestrial resources
Mixed impacts on marine resources
Undermines access to marine resources
Undermines local land ownership
Social capital Conflictual relationships with managers and governors
Creation of inter-community conflicts
Undermines community relationships with other agencies and organizations
Human capital Interferes with social programs or alternative livelihood programs initiated by outside organizations
No provision of training or capacity building for local people to participate in tourism or management
Physical capital Creation of NMP related tourism infrastructures (e.g., piers, campsites, bathrooms, restaurants)
Does not support the development of social (health, education) or basic (transportation, water, communications) infrastructures
Limits the growth of houses and community boundaries
Confiscates and destroys illegal fishing gears
Financial capital No additional access to finances to support local development
National park fees are centrally administered
Minimal economic benefit from tourism to be redirected towards development
Economic capital retained by elite, outside business people, or managers
Cultural capital Undermines traditional livelihoods and cultural practices
Lack of support for maintenance and use of traditional knowledge
Political capital The DNP mandate for national parks supports tourism development
Lack of policies and mechanisms to incorporate local values and knowledge
Minimal provisions for participation in management processes
Lack of policies to ensure local benefit and to support local development
Capital asset Perceived influence of NMP
Natural capital Positive impacts on terrestrial resources
Mixed impacts on marine resources
Undermines access to marine resources
Undermines local land ownership
Social capital Conflictual relationships with managers and governors
Creation of inter-community conflicts
Undermines community relationships with other agencies and organizations
Human capital Interferes with social programs or alternative livelihood programs initiated by outside organizations
No provision of training or capacity building for local people to participate in tourism or management
Physical capital Creation of NMP related tourism infrastructures (e.g., piers, campsites, bathrooms, restaurants)
Does not support the development of social (health, education) or basic (transportation, water, communications) infrastructures
Limits the growth of houses and community boundaries
Confiscates and destroys illegal fishing gears
Financial capital No additional access to finances to support local development
National park fees are centrally administered
Minimal economic benefit from tourism to be redirected towards development
Economic capital retained by elite, outside business people, or managers
Cultural capital Undermines traditional livelihoods and cultural practices
Lack of support for maintenance and use of traditional knowledge
Political capital The DNP mandate for national parks supports tourism development
Lack of policies and mechanisms to incorporate local values and knowledge
Minimal provisions for participation in management processes
Lack of policies to ensure local benefit and to support local development
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