Results and discussion of reviewed studies: findings
Overall all studies provided a clear statement of findings relevant to this review. In relation to DSL, Capella-McDonnall (2005) estimated that out of a total sample of 6089 participants, 7.3% had DSL of whom 35% had depression. Although the prevalence of DSL was consistent with the findings of Chou and Chi (2004) who found that 6.5% of their sample (community dwelling, Chinese participants aged 60 years and over) had DSL, these later authors found that vision impairment was significantly related to depression whilst hearing loss was not. Furthermore, Harada et al. (2008) found that DSL was also associated with poor health and reduced functional activity. DSL was associated with lower scores on both the mental health and physical health component scores of the SF36 compared to those with hearing or vision impairment (Chia et al., 2006). In relation to the development of depression and depressive symptoms, McDonnall (2009a) found a significant increase in depression at the first report of DSL, with depression increasing at a significantly faster rate following DSL. However, participants adjusted to the impairments over time. Lupsakko et al. (2002) concluded that depressive symptoms, but not major depression, are common in older people with DSL and McDonnall (2009b) found that almost 40% of the variation in depression was due to DSL.
Results and discussion of reviewed studies: findingsOverall all studies provided a clear statement of findings relevant to this review. In relation to DSL, Capella-McDonnall (2005) estimated that out of a total sample of 6089 participants, 7.3% had DSL of whom 35% had depression. Although the prevalence of DSL was consistent with the findings of Chou and Chi (2004) who found that 6.5% of their sample (community dwelling, Chinese participants aged 60 years and over) had DSL, these later authors found that vision impairment was significantly related to depression whilst hearing loss was not. Furthermore, Harada et al. (2008) found that DSL was also associated with poor health and reduced functional activity. DSL was associated with lower scores on both the mental health and physical health component scores of the SF36 compared to those with hearing or vision impairment (Chia et al., 2006). In relation to the development of depression and depressive symptoms, McDonnall (2009a) found a significant increase in depression at the first report of DSL, with depression increasing at a significantly faster rate following DSL. However, participants adjusted to the impairments over time. Lupsakko et al. (2002) concluded that depressive symptoms, but not major depression, are common in older people with DSL and McDonnall (2009b) found that almost 40% of the variation in depression was due to DSL.
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