In classifying the context-based studies in this review,
three subgroups have appeared: hypothetical (theoretical)
studies, design-based studies and empirical research studies
(see Table 2). Hypothetical (theoretical) studies introduce
or illustrate model teaching designs and discuss the
authors’ views on the context-based approach; do not
present any findings-based evidence. Lubben et al. (2005)
used the term ‘theoretical studies’ for non-empirical
papers, which teachers or curriculum developers may
subsequently adapt in practice. Design-based studies
introduce theoretical ideas and basic philosophy of the
context-based curriculum based on previous empirical
backgrounds. Empirical research studies attempt to answer
their research questions via findings-based evidence and
argue the advantages/disadvantages of the context-based
approach by using these findings.