This ratio is called the kinematic viscosity and is denoted with the Greek symbol 1nu2. The dimensions of kinematic viscosity are and the BG units are and SI units are Values of kinematic viscosity for some common liquids and gases are given in Tables 1.5 through 1.8. More extensive tables giving both the dynamic and kinematic viscosities for water and air can be found in Appendix B 1Tables B.1 through B.42, and graphs showing the variation in both dynamic and kinematic viscosity with temperature for a variety of fluids are also provided in Appendix B 1Figs. B.1 and B.22. Although in this text we are primarily using BG and SI units, dynamic viscosity is often expressed in the metric CGS 1centimeter-gram-second2system with units of This combination is called a poise, abbreviated P. In the CGS system, kinematic viscosity has units of and this combination is called a stoke, abbreviated St. cm2s, dyne # scm2. m2 fts. 2sL 2T, n 20 Chapter 1 ■ Introduction
1.7 Compressibility of Fluids
1.7.1 Bulk Modulus
An important question to answer when considering the behavior of a particular fluid is how easily can the volume 1and thus the density2of a given mass of the fluid be changed when there is a change in pressure? That is, how compressible is the fluid? A property that is commonly used to characterize compressibility is the bulk modulus, defined as
(1.12)
where dp is the differential change in pressure needed to create a differential change in volume, of a volume This is illustrated by the figure in the margin. The negative sign is included since an increase in pressure will cause a decrease in volume. Since a decrease in volume of a given mass, will result in an increase in density, Eq. 1.12 can also be expressed as
(1.13) The bulk modulus 1also referred to as the bulk modulus of elasticity2 has dimensions of pressure, In BG units, values for are usually given as 1psi2 and in SI units as Large values for the bulk modulus indicate that the fluid is relatively incompressible—that is, it takes a large pressure change to create a small change in volume. As expected, values of for common liquids are large 1see Tables 1.5 and 1.62. For example, at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of it would require a pressure of 3120 psi to compress a unit volume of water 1%. This result is representative of the compressibility of liquids. Since such large pressures are required to effect a change in volume, we conclude that liquids can be considered as incompressible for most practical engineering applications. As liquids are compressed the bulk modulus increases, but the bulk modulus near atmospheric pressure is usually the one of interest. The use of bulk modulus as a property describing compressibility is most prevalent when dealing with liquids, although the bulk modulus can also be determined for gases. 60 °F Ev Nm2 1Pa2 lb. in.2E vFL 2. Ev dp drr
m rV ,
V .dV ,
Ev
dp dV V
Ev,
Kinematic viscosity is defined as the ratio of the absolute viscosity to the fluid density.
p
V
p + dp
V – dV
V1.7 Water balloon
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