Tissue engineering has emerged as a major area of regenerative
medicine replacing conventional replacement therapies
which suffer from some of the demerits of using synthetic materials.
The common tissue engineering research concepts are based
on construction of hybrid materials that are obtained from the
incorporation of cells into 3D porous scaffolds. Cell anchorage,
proliferation and tissue formation in three dimensions being essential
function of scaffold, porosity plays very crucial role and porosity
characteristic is application specific. In this regard, derivative of
chitosan like CM-chitosan has emerged as an attractive candidate
for scaffolding material as they are capable of degradation
as new tissue formation takes place while minimizing inflammatory
reactions and toxic degradation products. The usage of
NNDCM-chitosan as delivery agent for bone morphogenetic protein
in the repair of articular cartilage has been reported earlier
(Mattioli-Belmonte et al., 1999). On the other hand, successful
achievements of the dual functions of bacterial adhesion reduction
and cell function promotion by the CM-chitosan-BMP-2 modified
titanium substrates has illustrated good potential of CM-chitosan
for the enhancement of tissue integration and implant longevity
(Shi, Neoh, Kang, Poh, & Wang, 2009). Similarly, the application
potential of injectable gels such as CM-chitosan/gelatin/nanohydroxyapatite
in treating irregular small bone defects with
minimal clinical invasion as well as for bone cell delivery has
been experimentally demonstrated: application of injectable gels
in mice revealed that stability of the in situ formed gels depends on
the degree of cross linking and CM-chitosan concentration (Mishra
et al., 2011). In addition to this, in vivo evidence to suggest the efficacy
of NOCM-chitosan gel and solution to satisfy the requirements