and paper tests, whereas in the infusing and transforming stages projectbased
portfolios may be more appropriate. Each part of a school system
needs to be evaluated to determine its impact on learning. Assessment
should inform practice and support the management of learning.
Assessment should allow a system to determine whether outcomes have
been met, and then reviewed and revised accordingly. Budget allocations,
policies, and procedures for ICT should match vision, teaching philosophies,
and curriculum choices.
A MATRIX FOR ICT DEVELOPMENT IN SCHOOLS
A two-dimensional matrix is developed below (see Table 3.1) that helps
schools determine their stage of progress with regard to the implementation
of ICT in the curriculum. Along the horizontal dimension
are charted the four approaches to ICT development described first in
this chapter, while along the vertical dimension are the eight characteristics
of schools that relate to ICT development described immediately
above in this chapter. Each cell of the matrix provides a brief picture
or set of indicators of how a particular approach to ICT may look
like in schools sharing similar characteristics. For each row of the
matrix, a school may find itself more in one cell while being less
involved in other cells. Both the identified approaches and the characteristics
of schools depicted in Table 3.1 derive from international
trends in the use of ICT in education.
Emerging approach
The second column of Table 3.1 lists indicators for eight characteristics
of schools under the emerging approach to ICT development. These
indicators are now described in more detail.
Vision
The school's vision of learning and ICT is beginning to develop. The use
of ICT is focused on computers under the responsibility of an enthusiastic
individual or a small group with very specific uses for teaching or
administration, based on their own knowledge and expertise. The vision
is a pragmatic response with access to resources and expertise available.
26
ICT IN EDUCATION
A CURRICULUM AND PROGRAMME OF TEACHER DEVELOPMENT
Philosophy of learning and pedagogy
The individual teacher is responsible for discrete lessons concentrating on
the development of ICT skills and the transmission of subject knowledge.
The pedagogy of the enthusiastic individual or small group of teachers is
restricted by the school organization and fixed timetable lesson periods.
Development plans and policies
The development of ICT in the school is separate from the overall school
development plan and policies regarding curriculum, personnel, professional
development, finance, community, teaching, learning and assessment.
Teachers and students discover for themselves opportunities to use
computers and software.
Facilities and resources
The ICT facilities and resources consist of a few isolated, stand-alone computers
and printers in the school office and a few classrooms. The content available
is very limited consisting of generic office type applications and school
management software, with a few games providing reward to some pupils.
Content will be determined by the needs of a few teachers and their teaching.
Understanding the curriculum
ICT teaching is to ensure students are ICT literate. The curriculum is structured
to teach students a sound basic understanding of available software
applications. The curriculum is planned and delivered by individual teachers.
Professional development of school staff
Learning and ICT training will emphasize the need to learn to operate a
limited range of software for teaching and administration. Individual members
of staff will identify their training needs, which is generally restricted to
technical training. The ICT development plan will identify training separately
from other school training and professional development. ICT training
and development is partly funded by the school and teachers.
and paper tests, whereas in the infusing and transforming stages projectbasedportfolios may be more appropriate. Each part of a school systemneeds to be evaluated to determine its impact on learning. Assessmentshould inform practice and support the management of learning.Assessment should allow a system to determine whether outcomes havebeen met, and then reviewed and revised accordingly. Budget allocations,policies, and procedures for ICT should match vision, teaching philosophies,and curriculum choices.A MATRIX FOR ICT DEVELOPMENT IN SCHOOLSA two-dimensional matrix is developed below (see Table 3.1) that helpsschools determine their stage of progress with regard to the implementationof ICT in the curriculum. Along the horizontal dimensionare charted the four approaches to ICT development described first inthis chapter, while along the vertical dimension are the eight characteristicsof schools that relate to ICT development described immediatelyabove in this chapter. Each cell of the matrix provides a brief pictureor set of indicators of how a particular approach to ICT may looklike in schools sharing similar characteristics. For each row of thematrix, a school may find itself more in one cell while being lessinvolved in other cells. Both the identified approaches and the characteristicsof schools depicted in Table 3.1 derive from internationaltrends in the use of ICT in education.Emerging approachThe second column of Table 3.1 lists indicators for eight characteristicsof schools under the emerging approach to ICT development. Theseindicators are now described in more detail.VisionThe school's vision of learning and ICT is beginning to develop. The useof ICT is focused on computers under the responsibility of an enthusiasticindividual or a small group with very specific uses for teaching oradministration, based on their own knowledge and expertise. The visionis a pragmatic response with access to resources and expertise available.26ICT IN EDUCATIONA CURRICULUM AND PROGRAMME OF TEACHER DEVELOPMENTPhilosophy of learning and pedagogyThe individual teacher is responsible for discrete lessons concentrating onthe development of ICT skills and the transmission of subject knowledge.The pedagogy of the enthusiastic individual or small group of teachers isrestricted by the school organization and fixed timetable lesson periods.Development plans and policiesThe development of ICT in the school is separate from the overall schooldevelopment plan and policies regarding curriculum, personnel, professionaldevelopment, finance, community, teaching, learning and assessment.Teachers and students discover for themselves opportunities to usecomputers and software.Facilities and resourcesThe ICT facilities and resources consist of a few isolated, stand-alone computersand printers in the school office and a few classrooms. The content availableis very limited consisting of generic office type applications and schoolmanagement software, with a few games providing reward to some pupils.Content will be determined by the needs of a few teachers and their teaching.Understanding the curriculumICT teaching is to ensure students are ICT literate. The curriculum is structuredto teach students a sound basic understanding of available softwareapplications. The curriculum is planned and delivered by individual teachers.Professional development of school staffLearning and ICT training will emphasize the need to learn to operate alimited range of software for teaching and administration. Individual membersof staff will identify their training needs, which is generally restricted totechnical training. The ICT development plan will identify training separatelyfrom other school training and professional development. ICT trainingand development is partly funded by the school and teachers.
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