As you can see in Figure 10, within each case (i.e., process instance) there is a handover of work from individual i to individual j if there are two subsequent activities where the first is completed by i and the second by j. This notion can be refined in various ways. For example, knowledge of the process structure can be used to detect whether there is really a causal dependency between both activities. It is also possible to not only consider direct succession but also indirect succession using a “causality fall factor” beta, i.e., if there are 3 activities in-between an activity completed by i and an activity completed by j, the causality fall factor is beta^3.