Table 1. Summary of Participant Pre- to Post-Session Self-Efficacy Mean Scores Item statement Pre-session score, mean Post-session score, mean t Value df p Value Have a common understanding of patient’s condition 4.48 4.61 0.882 63 0.381 Have a common understanding of the specific goals to be achieved in the OR 4.44 4.67 1.591 63 0.117 Know clearly the task responsibilities of each team member 3.89 4.48 3.393 63 * Achieve sufficient familiarity with how each team member will approach his/her task responsibilities (eg, strengths, weaknesses, preferences) 3.46 4.25 5.162 62 * Have all of the anticipated human and material resources ready and “at hand” for use 3.67 4.24 3.618 62 * Use cues within the OR situation to coordinate my tasks with others 3.70 4.48 5.584 63 * Use my understanding of a patient’s situation to anticipate team members’ needs 3.89 4.57 4.721 62 * Monitor my own and other team members efforts to ensure that proper procedures and tasks occur as expected 3.77 4.36 4.400 63 * Adapt my performance to accommodate changes that might occur 4.10 4.75 4.819 60 * Use specific communication strategies to confirm that messages are received and the content is accurately understood (ie, closed-loop communication) 4.05 4.61 3.813 63 * Interact with others to maximize their strengths and manage the workload effectively 4.30 4.46 1.032 62 0.306 Facilitate quality and continuous improvement (eg, encouraging others, speaking up when concerns arise, offering critique) 3.95 4.48 3.578 62 * Use strategies effectively to promote team cohesion and effective work interactions 3.92 4.52 3.750 62 * Use strategies to effectively provide feedback to OR team members 3.94 4.52 3.878 63 * Use strategies effectively to resolve differences/disputes among team members 3.79 4.25 2.853 62 0.006 *p < 0.001. df, degree of freedom; OR, operating room.