psychological processes. Later authors (Dick and
Basu, 1994; Oliver, 1997) also insisted on the effect
of commitment effect, such that loyalty must be
composed of the full spectrum of cognitive, affective,
and conative dimensions, which cause ‘‘repetitive
same-brand or same brand-set purchasing,
despite situational influences and marketing efforts
having the potential to cause switching behavior’’
(Oliver, 1999, p. 34). Alternatively, loyalty might be
defined by the consumer’s resistance to other
external marketing pressures.