On the basis of this defence, Peecher et al. address some of the criticisms raised in the other three papers. Against the suggestion that BRA borrows prestige and knowledge from consulting in an effort to expand non-audit services, they argue that techniques always flow across practices anyway and that the prescriptive essence of BRA is improved risk assessment within the audit. They suggest that concern about the reduction of transactions testing is irrational nostalgia, unsuitable for a world where large corporations get transactions processing largely right first time. And against, the accusation that BRA rationalizes cost cutting, they suggest that costs might actually rise depending on the model and mix; the question is at least open. Finally, against the frictions of implementation and the difficulties of proceduralizing BRA identified by Knechel and by Curtis and Turley, they argue that these frictions, real as they may be, do not invalidate the model as such.