Short Term Exercise Induces PGC-1a, Ameliorates
Inflammation and Increases Mitochondrial Membrane
Proteins but Fails to Increase Respiratory Enzymes in
Aging Diabetic Hearts
Amy Botta1, Ismail Laher2, Julianne Beam1, Daniella DeCoffe1, Kirsty Brown1, Swagata Halder1,
Angela Devlin3, Deanna L. Gibson1, Sanjoy Ghosh1*
1 Department of Biology, IK Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, 2 Department of
Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 3 Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Abstract
PGC-1a, a transcriptional coactivator, controls inflammation and mitochondrial gene expression in insulin-sensitive tissues
following exercise intervention. However, attributing such effects to PGC-1a is counfounded by exercise-induced
fluctuations in blood glucose, insulin or bodyweight in diabetic patients. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of
PGC-1a on inflammation and mitochondrial protein expressions in aging db/db mice hearts, independent of changes in
glycemic parameters. In 8-month-old db/db mice hearts with diabetes lasting over 22 weeks, short-term, moderate-intensity
exercise upregulated PGC-1a without altering body weight or glycemic parameters. Nonetheless, such a regimen lowered
both cardiac (macrophage infiltration, iNOS and TNFa) and systemic (circulating chemokines and cytokines) inflammation.
Curiously, such an anti-inflammatory effect was also linked to attenuated expression of downstream transcription factors of
PGC-1a such as NRF-1 and several respiratory genes. Such mismatch between PGC-1a and its downstream targets was
associated with elevated mitochondrial membrane proteins like Tom70 but a concurrent reduction in oxidative
phosphorylation protein expressions in exercised db/db hearts. As mitochondrial oxidative stress was predominant in these
hearts, in support of our in vivo data, increasing concentrations of H2O2 dose-dependently increased PGC-1a expression
while inhibiting expression of inflammatory genes and downstream transcription factors in H9c2 cardiomyocytes in vitro.
We conclude that short-term exercise-induced oxidative stress may be key in attenuating cardiac inflammatory genes and
impairing PGC-1a mediated gene transcription of downstream transcription factors in type 2 diabetic hearts at an advanced
age.
Citation: Botta A, Laher I, Beam J, DeCoffe D, Brown K, et al. (2013) Short Term Exercise Induces PGC-1a, Ameliorates Inflammation and Increases Mitochondrial
Membrane Proteins but Fails to Increase Respiratory Enzymes in Aging Diabetic Hearts. PLoS ONE 8(8): e70248. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070248
Editor: Michael Bader, Max-Delbru¨ ck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Germany
Received February 8, 2013; Accepted June 19, 2013; Published August 1, 2013
Copyright: 2013 Botta et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by an operating grant from the Canadian Diabetes Association to SG, operating grants from the Crohn’s and Colitis
Foundation to DLG, a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Doctoral award to AB, a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Masters award
to JB and Grants-In-Aid from the Heart and Stroke Foundation of British Columbia and Yukon to AMD and IL. The funders had no role in study design, data
collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
* E-mail: sanjoy.ghosh@ubc.ca
Introduction
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has become common in the elderly. In
Canada, currently around 23% of the population above 65 years
of age suffer from diabetes, predominantly type 2 diabetes [1]
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and
mortality among such patients. Other common features of T2D
are persistent, low-grade inflammation and mitochondrial deficiency
in multiple organs including the heart and skeletal muscle
[2]. A key player involved in both mitochondrial dynamics and
inflammation is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1a) [3].
PGC-1a is a coactivator that increases the transcriptional
activity of multiple pathways which control inflammation,
mitochondrial respiration and biogenesis [4]. Expression of more
than 70% of all the subunits of the electron transport chain and all
of the enzymes of the Krebs cycle are controlled by PGC-1a in the
heart [5]. Currently, PGC-1a mediated mitochondrial protein
synthesis and anti-inflammatory benefits are reported to be
dependent on insulin sensitivity or glycemic improvements in
skeletal muscle or adipose tissues [6,7,8]. However, like the
aforementioned organs, the myocardium is also insulin sensitive
and is under the control of PGC-1a during its development and
pathology [5]. Although the majority of cardiovascular effects of
exercise is dependent on improvements in blood glucose or insulin,
exercise-mediated benefits in human diabetes can be independent
of such changes in glycemic parameters [9,10,11]. Likewise, with
moderate exercise, we previously reported antioxidant benefits in
the aorta and the heart of young db/db mice without having
changes in blood glucose or insulin levels [12,13]. As PGC-1a is
believed to signal via insulin [14,15], whether PGC-1a might be
PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 1 August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8 | e70248
involved in cardiac benefits independent of changes in blood
glucose or insulin in diabetes is currently unknown.
The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship
between exercise-induced elevation of cardiac PGC-1a with
cardiac inflammation and mitochondrial status in aging db/db
mice hearts independent of alterations in glycemic parameters. We
report that elevated cardiac PGC-1a expression following short
term, moderate intensity exercise was associated with a reduction
in both systemic and cardiac-specific inflammation in aged db/db
mice without alterations in body weight, blood glucose or insulin.
An induction of PGC-1a in these hearts was accompanied by
elevated mtDNA but reduced expression of downstream transcriptional
activators of PGC-1a. Such a defect could have led to
elevated levels of mitochondrial membrane proteins but reduced
respiratory enzyme expression in exercised db/db hearts. As these
chronically diabetic hearts also show augmented oxidative damage
and low cardiac antioxidants, we further demonstrate that elevated
oxidative stress could increase PGC-1a itself but lower PGC-1a
mediated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and downstream
transcription factors in cardiomyocytes in vitro. We
conclude that short-term exercise induced oxidative stress might
be key in attenuating cardiac inflammatory genes but could also
impair PGC-1a mediated gene transcription of downstream
transcription factors post-exercise in type 2 diabetic hearts at an
advanced age.
Materials and Methods
2.1 Animal Models and Experimental Protocols
Male db/db mice become obese by 1 month, develop diabetes by
2 months and die within 10 months of age (http://jaxmice.jax.
org/strain/000642.html). Therefore, at 80% of their lifespan, 8-
month old db/db mice could be considered to represent the late
stages of T2D at an advanced age. The following investigation
conformed to the an approved animal care protocol by the Animal
Care Committee (ACC) of the University of British Columbia. Sixweek
old male db/db and age-matched male wild type (Wt,
C57BLKS/J) mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories and
maintained under a 12 h light/dark cycle until they were at least
32 weeks of age and the db/db mice had been hyperglycemic for at
least 22 weeks. Groups of db/db and Wt mice were randomly
placed into sedentary and moderate intensity exercise (Exe)
groups. Exe mice were gradually trained to run on a motorized
exercise wheel system (Lafayette Instrument Co, USA). Exercise
intensity was increased over the first week to a target of 1 h of daily
exercise at a speed of 5.2 m/min. Mice were exercised for 5 days/
week for the next 2 weeks. Sedentary db/db or Wt mice were
placed in non-rotating wheels for the same duration. Animals were
housed in groups of 4 per cage, and had free access to food and
water throughout the entire study. At the end of the experimental
protocols, the animals were anesthetized with isoflurane followed
by sacrifice by CO2 inhalation. Blood was collected and glucose
measured with a glucometer (Accuchek). A section of the heart was
processed for electron and light microscopy. Rest of the left
ventricle and freshly separated plasma were flash-frozen in liquid
nitrogen and stored at 280uC.
2.2 Total Nitrate/nitrite Assay
Total tissue nitrite/nitrate was measured by a commercial kit
(Cayman Chemicals, USA) according to Griess protocol. Protein
assays were performed according to the Bradford method (Biorad).
2.3 Western Blots
Western blotting was performed as described previously [16].
Flash-frozen sections of the left ventricle were homogenized in an
ice-cold homogenization buffer, followed by centrifugation and
separation of the supernatant. Proteins were quantified and
denatured. Samples (50 ug) were then run on sodium dodecyl
sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) (10%).
After transfer, the nitrocellulose membranes were blocked
overnight in 5% skim milk in Tris-buffered saline containing
0.1% (vol/vol) Tween-20 (TBS-T). Following three washes,
membranes were incubated for 2 hours at room temperature with
the primary antibodies against iNOS, TOM 70, VDAC-1 (Santa
Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA). MitoProfile Total OXPHOS
rodent antibody cocktail (MitoSciences, Eugene, OR) was us
Short Term Exercise Induces PGC-1a, Ameliorates
Inflammation and Increases Mitochondrial Membrane
Proteins but Fails to Increase Respiratory Enzymes in
Aging Diabetic Hearts
Amy Botta1, Ismail Laher2, Julianne Beam1, Daniella DeCoffe1, Kirsty Brown1, Swagata Halder1,
Angela Devlin3, Deanna L. Gibson1, Sanjoy Ghosh1*
1 Department of Biology, IK Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, 2 Department of
Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 3 Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Abstract
PGC-1a, a transcriptional coactivator, controls inflammation and mitochondrial gene expression in insulin-sensitive tissues
following exercise intervention. However, attributing such effects to PGC-1a is counfounded by exercise-induced
fluctuations in blood glucose, insulin or bodyweight in diabetic patients. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of
PGC-1a on inflammation and mitochondrial protein expressions in aging db/db mice hearts, independent of changes in
glycemic parameters. In 8-month-old db/db mice hearts with diabetes lasting over 22 weeks, short-term, moderate-intensity
exercise upregulated PGC-1a without altering body weight or glycemic parameters. Nonetheless, such a regimen lowered
both cardiac (macrophage infiltration, iNOS and TNFa) and systemic (circulating chemokines and cytokines) inflammation.
Curiously, such an anti-inflammatory effect was also linked to attenuated expression of downstream transcription factors of
PGC-1a such as NRF-1 and several respiratory genes. Such mismatch between PGC-1a and its downstream targets was
associated with elevated mitochondrial membrane proteins like Tom70 but a concurrent reduction in oxidative
phosphorylation protein expressions in exercised db/db hearts. As mitochondrial oxidative stress was predominant in these
hearts, in support of our in vivo data, increasing concentrations of H2O2 dose-dependently increased PGC-1a expression
while inhibiting expression of inflammatory genes and downstream transcription factors in H9c2 cardiomyocytes in vitro.
We conclude that short-term exercise-induced oxidative stress may be key in attenuating cardiac inflammatory genes and
impairing PGC-1a mediated gene transcription of downstream transcription factors in type 2 diabetic hearts at an advanced
age.
Citation: Botta A, Laher I, Beam J, DeCoffe D, Brown K, et al. (2013) Short Term Exercise Induces PGC-1a, Ameliorates Inflammation and Increases Mitochondrial
Membrane Proteins but Fails to Increase Respiratory Enzymes in Aging Diabetic Hearts. PLoS ONE 8(8): e70248. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070248
Editor: Michael Bader, Max-Delbru¨ ck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Germany
Received February 8, 2013; Accepted June 19, 2013; Published August 1, 2013
Copyright: 2013 Botta et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by an operating grant from the Canadian Diabetes Association to SG, operating grants from the Crohn’s and Colitis
Foundation to DLG, a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Doctoral award to AB, a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Masters award
to JB and Grants-In-Aid from the Heart and Stroke Foundation of British Columbia and Yukon to AMD and IL. The funders had no role in study design, data
collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
* E-mail: sanjoy.ghosh@ubc.ca
Introduction
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has become common in the elderly. In
Canada, currently around 23% of the population above 65 years
of age suffer from diabetes, predominantly type 2 diabetes [1]
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and
mortality among such patients. Other common features of T2D
are persistent, low-grade inflammation and mitochondrial deficiency
in multiple organs including the heart and skeletal muscle
[2]. A key player involved in both mitochondrial dynamics and
inflammation is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1a) [3].
PGC-1a is a coactivator that increases the transcriptional
activity of multiple pathways which control inflammation,
mitochondrial respiration and biogenesis [4]. Expression of more
than 70% of all the subunits of the electron transport chain and all
of the enzymes of the Krebs cycle are controlled by PGC-1a in the
heart [5]. Currently, PGC-1a mediated mitochondrial protein
synthesis and anti-inflammatory benefits are reported to be
dependent on insulin sensitivity or glycemic improvements in
skeletal muscle or adipose tissues [6,7,8]. However, like the
aforementioned organs, the myocardium is also insulin sensitive
and is under the control of PGC-1a during its development and
pathology [5]. Although the majority of cardiovascular effects of
exercise is dependent on improvements in blood glucose or insulin,
exercise-mediated benefits in human diabetes can be independent
of such changes in glycemic parameters [9,10,11]. Likewise, with
moderate exercise, we previously reported antioxidant benefits in
the aorta and the heart of young db/db mice without having
changes in blood glucose or insulin levels [12,13]. As PGC-1a is
believed to signal via insulin [14,15], whether PGC-1a might be
PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 1 August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8 | e70248
involved in cardiac benefits independent of changes in blood
glucose or insulin in diabetes is currently unknown.
The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship
between exercise-induced elevation of cardiac PGC-1a with
cardiac inflammation and mitochondrial status in aging db/db
mice hearts independent of alterations in glycemic parameters. We
report that elevated cardiac PGC-1a expression following short
term, moderate intensity exercise was associated with a reduction
in both systemic and cardiac-specific inflammation in aged db/db
mice without alterations in body weight, blood glucose or insulin.
An induction of PGC-1a in these hearts was accompanied by
elevated mtDNA but reduced expression of downstream transcriptional
activators of PGC-1a. Such a defect could have led to
elevated levels of mitochondrial membrane proteins but reduced
respiratory enzyme expression in exercised db/db hearts. As these
chronically diabetic hearts also show augmented oxidative damage
and low cardiac antioxidants, we further demonstrate that elevated
oxidative stress could increase PGC-1a itself but lower PGC-1a
mediated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and downstream
transcription factors in cardiomyocytes in vitro. We
conclude that short-term exercise induced oxidative stress might
be key in attenuating cardiac inflammatory genes but could also
impair PGC-1a mediated gene transcription of downstream
transcription factors post-exercise in type 2 diabetic hearts at an
advanced age.
Materials and Methods
2.1 Animal Models and Experimental Protocols
Male db/db mice become obese by 1 month, develop diabetes by
2 months and die within 10 months of age (http://jaxmice.jax.
org/strain/000642.html). Therefore, at 80% of their lifespan, 8-
month old db/db mice could be considered to represent the late
stages of T2D at an advanced age. The following investigation
conformed to the an approved animal care protocol by the Animal
Care Committee (ACC) of the University of British Columbia. Sixweek
old male db/db and age-matched male wild type (Wt,
C57BLKS/J) mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories and
maintained under a 12 h light/dark cycle until they were at least
32 weeks of age and the db/db mice had been hyperglycemic for at
least 22 weeks. Groups of db/db and Wt mice were randomly
placed into sedentary and moderate intensity exercise (Exe)
groups. Exe mice were gradually trained to run on a motorized
exercise wheel system (Lafayette Instrument Co, USA). Exercise
intensity was increased over the first week to a target of 1 h of daily
exercise at a speed of 5.2 m/min. Mice were exercised for 5 days/
week for the next 2 weeks. Sedentary db/db or Wt mice were
placed in non-rotating wheels for the same duration. Animals were
housed in groups of 4 per cage, and had free access to food and
water throughout the entire study. At the end of the experimental
protocols, the animals were anesthetized with isoflurane followed
by sacrifice by CO2 inhalation. Blood was collected and glucose
measured with a glucometer (Accuchek). A section of the heart was
processed for electron and light microscopy. Rest of the left
ventricle and freshly separated plasma were flash-frozen in liquid
nitrogen and stored at 280uC.
2.2 Total Nitrate/nitrite Assay
Total tissue nitrite/nitrate was measured by a commercial kit
(Cayman Chemicals, USA) according to Griess protocol. Protein
assays were performed according to the Bradford method (Biorad).
2.3 Western Blots
Western blotting was performed as described previously [16].
Flash-frozen sections of the left ventricle were homogenized in an
ice-cold homogenization buffer, followed by centrifugation and
separation of the supernatant. Proteins were quantified and
denatured. Samples (50 ug) were then run on sodium dodecyl
sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) (10%).
After transfer, the nitrocellulose membranes were blocked
overnight in 5% skim milk in Tris-buffered saline containing
0.1% (vol/vol) Tween-20 (TBS-T). Following three washes,
membranes were incubated for 2 hours at room temperature with
the primary antibodies against iNOS, TOM 70, VDAC-1 (Santa
Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA). MitoProfile Total OXPHOS
rodent antibody cocktail (MitoSciences, Eugene, OR) was us
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..

ระยะสั้น pgc-1a การออกกำลังกายก่อให้เกิดการอักเสบ และเพิ่มการ ameliorates
,
แต่ล้มเหลวที่จะเพิ่มเมมเบรนโปรตีนเอนไซม์ที่เกี่ยวกับการหายใจในผู้สูงอายุเบาหวานหัวใจ
botta1 Ismail เอมี่ , laher2 จูเลียแอน beam1 แดเนียลลา decoffe1 สีน้ำตาล 1color Kirsty , , ,
halder1 swagata , แองเจล่า devlin3 Deanna L , gibson1 sanjoy , ghosh1 *
1 ภาควิชาชีววิทยา ผมบาร์เบอร์ โรงเรียนสอนศิลปะและวิทยาศาสตร์มหาวิทยาลัยของ Okanagan Kelowna , บริติชโคลัมเบีย , แคนาดา , บริติชโคลัมเบีย , 2 ภาควิชา
เภสัชวิทยาของมหาวิทยาลัยบริติช โคลัมเบีย เมืองแวนคูเวอร์ บริติชโคลัมเบีย , แคนาดา , 3 ภาควิชากุมารเวชศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยบริติชโคลัมเบีย
เมืองแวนคูเวอร์ บริติชโคลัมเบีย , แคนาดา
pgc-1a นามธรรม , ลอง coactivator ,การควบคุมการแสดงออกของยีนไมโตคอนเดรียและการอักเสบในเนื้อเยื่ออินซูลินไว
ต่อไปนี้การแทรกแซงการออกกำลังกาย อย่างไรก็ตาม ผลกระทบดังกล่าวจะ pgc-1a และเป็น counfounded โดยการออกกำลัง
ความผันผวนของระดับน้ำตาลในเลือด , อินซูลินหรือน้ำหนักตัวในผู้ป่วยเบาหวาน เป้าหมายของการศึกษานี้ เพื่อศึกษาบทบาทของ
pgc-1a ในการอักเสบและ mitochondrial โปรตีนการแสดงออกในอายุ dB / DB หนูหัวใจอิสระของการเปลี่ยนแปลงใน
พารามิเตอร์น้ําตาล ใน 8-month-old dB / DB หนูหัวใจเบาหวานนานกว่า 22 สัปดาห์ ระยะสั้น , การออกกำลังกายความเข้มปานกลาง upregulated
pgc-1a โดยไม่ต้องเปลี่ยนน้ำหนักหรือพารามิเตอร์น้ําตาล อย่างไรก็ตาม การลดลงดังกล่าว
ทั้งหัวใจ ( แมโครเฟจแฝงตัวและ inos tnfa ) และระบบ ( คีโมไคนส์และ cytokines หมุนเวียน ) การอักเสบ .
ซอกแซก , เช่น ลดการอักเสบ ผลคือยังเชื่อมโยงกับการเกิดของการแสดงออกของปัจจัยการถอดความ
pgc-1a เช่น nrf-1 และยีนทางเดินหายใจหลาย ไม่ตรงกัน เช่น ระหว่าง pgc-1a และเป้าหมายของมันคือ
ท้ายที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการยกระดับอุตสาหกรรมเมมเบรนโปรตีน เช่น tom70 แต่ลดลงพร้อมกันในปฏิกิริยาฟอสโฟรีเลชันโปรตีนออกกำลังกาย
สำนวนใน db / DB หัวใจ ขณะที่การเกิดความเครียดก็เด่นในหัวใจเหล่านี้
ในการสนับสนุนของข้อมูลในร่างกายของเรา เพิ่มความเข้มข้นของยาเพิ่มขึ้น dependently H2O2 pgc-1a การแสดงออก
ในขณะที่ยับยั้งการแสดงออกของยีนที่อักเสบ และด้านปัจจัยการถอดความใน cardiomyocytes h9c2 ในหลอดทดลอง .
สรุปได้ว่า การออกกำลัง ความเครียดอาจจะเกิดระยะสั้น คีย์ในการลดการอักเสบของยีนและยีนถอดความโดย pgc-1a
impairing ปัจจัยการถอดความของปลายน้ำ ในประเภทที่ 2 โรคเบาหวาน หัวใจ ในอายุขั้นสูง
.
อ้างอิง : บอตตา , laher ฉันบีม J , decoffe D บราวน์ K , et al . ( 2013 ) ระยะสั้น pgc-1a ameliorates ออกกำลังกาย induces , การอักเสบและเพิ่มโปรตีนเมมเบรนยล
แต่ล้มเหลวในการเพิ่มเอนไซม์ที่เกี่ยวกับการหายใจในผู้สูงอายุโรคเบาหวาน หัวใจ หนึ่ง PLoS 8 ( 8 ) : e70248 . ดอย : 10.1371 / วารสาร โผน . 0070248
บรรณาธิการ : Michael Bader , ศูนย์ CK สำหรับโมเลกุลยาสูงสุด delbru ตั้ง ( MDC ) เยอรมนี
ได้รับ 8 กุมภาพันธ์ 2013 ;ยอมรับมิถุนายน 19 , 2013 ; ตีพิมพ์วันที่ 1 สิงหาคม 2013
: 2013 ลิขสิทธิ์ บอตตา et al . นี่คือการเปิดบทความเผยแพร่ภายใต้เงื่อนไขของใบอนุญาตครีเอทีฟคอมมอนส์ Attribution ซึ่งอนุญาต
ใช้ ไม่จำกัดการกระจายและการสืบพันธุ์ในสื่อใด ๆ ให้ผู้เขียนต้นฉบับและแหล่งทุน :
เป็นเครดิตงานวิจัยนี้ได้รับการสนับสนุนโดยการดำเนินงานทุนจาก สมาคมโรคเบาหวานของแคนาดาใน SG ปฏิบัติการมอบจากโรคและมูลนิธิ colitis
ไปยังกล่องโต้ตอบ , สถาบันวิจัยสุขภาพปริญญาเอกแคนาดารางวัล AB , วิทยาศาสตร์ธรรมชาติและผู้เชี่ยวชาญแคนาดารางวัล
สภาวิจัยวิศวกรรมให้เจบีและเงินอุดหนุนจากและมูลนิธิหัวใจแห่งบริติชโคลัมเบียและยูคอนกับเอเอ็มดี และอิล ช่วงห่างไม่มีบทบาทในการออกแบบงานวิจัย การเก็บข้อมูล การวิเคราะห์และการตัดสินใจ
, เผยแพร่ หรือ การเตรียมต้นฉบับ ผู้เขียนมีความสนใจการแข่งขัน :
ประกาศว่าไม่มีการแข่งขันผลประโยชน์อยู่ .
* E - mail : sanjoy . ghosh @ CA
แนะนำ UBCโรคเบาหวานชนิดที่ 2 ( t2d ) ได้กลายเป็นที่พบบ่อยในผู้สูงอายุ ใน
แคนาดา ในปัจจุบันประมาณ 23% ของประชากรอายุ 65 ปีขึ้นไป
ประสบจากโรคเบาหวาน ส่วนใหญ่เป็นเบาหวานชนิดที่ 2 [ 1 ]
โรคหัวใจและหลอดเลือด เป็นสาเหตุของการเจ็บป่วยและการตายในผู้ป่วย
เช่น คุณสมบัติอื่น ๆร่วมกันของ t2d
ถาวร การอักเสบและการขาด
คุณภาพลในอวัยวะหลายแห่งรวมถึงหัวใจและกล้ามเนื้อลาย
[ 2 ] คีย์ ผู้เล่นที่เกี่ยวข้องทั้งในการเปลี่ยนแปลงและการอักเสบกระตุ้นตัวรับ proliferator เพอรอกซิโซม
coactivator 1-alpha แกมมา ( pgc-1a ) [ 3 ] .
pgc-1a เป็น coactivator ที่เพิ่มกิจกรรม particle
ของเส้นทางหลายซึ่งควบคุมการอักเสบ
ยลการหายใจและเครื่องกรองอากาศ [ 4 ]
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